The United Arab Emirates (UAE) relies heavily on well-defined construction contracts to ensure the smooth execution of its many building projects. These contracts act as a crucial agreement between employers and contractors. They establish clear expectations for both parties, outlining the specific scope of work, payment terms, and how potential risks will be handled. This clear roadmap from the outset minimizes the chances of disputes arising later in the project's lifecycle.

The UAE construction industry heavily utilizes standardized contracts based on the Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils (FIDIC) Conditions of Contract for Construction, also known as the "Red Book." These contracts provide a well-understood framework for project execution, addressing aspects like responsibility for the design, payment of contractor (either based on actual work completed or a fixed lump sum), and dispute resolution. Construction contracts in the UAE also need to comply with the country's legal framework.  Specifically, they must consider the UAE Civil Transactions Law, No. 5 of 1985 (as amended) (known as the "Civil Code"). Articles 872 to 897 of this law deal with "Muqawala" contracts, which are essentially contracts for the creation of something, such as a construction project. By ensuring adherence to these legal requirements, the contracts protect the rights of both employers and contractors.

Public works projects may have additional requirements depending on the Emirate. For a contract to be legally binding, there must be mutual agreement, a defined project scope, and a lawful purpose.  Letters of intent are widely used and can serve as the sole contractual agreement if a formal contract isn't finalized. Construction projects typically require various types of insurance, including contractor's all-risk, professional indemnity, public liability, worker's compensation, and potentially ten-year liability coverage. Additionally, labor laws mandate specific worker rights and protections, while health and safety regulations must be followed. Retention of a portion of the contract price is common practice, typically 10%.  Half is released upon completion, and the remainder is released after the defect's liability period ends (usually one year after handover). Performance bonds are standard requirements for contractors to receive payment. These are typically on-demand bonds that can be cashed upon written notice of a breach by the contractor.  Less common, but possible, are company guarantees provided by parent companies, typically in place of or in addition to performance bonds. Finally, contractors typically lose ownership of materials upon delivery to the site. They cannot claim title or right to remove them without a separate agreement.

The UAE construction industry relies heavily on retention. While this practice offers some security to employers, it can also create challenges for contractors and hinder the overall efficiency of the sector. One major concern is the strain on the contractor's cash flow. Retaining a significant portion of the payment can be especially difficult for smaller companies, making it harder to meet payroll and pay suppliers on time. This financial pressure can ultimately affect project quality and timely completion.

Another issue is the potential for disputes and delays. The release of the second half of the retention is often tied to the defect's liability period. If disagreements arise over whether defects exist, the contractor may face delays in receiving the retained funds. This can lead to unnecessary arguments and stall project progress. It's important to consider that the prevalence of performance bonds in UAE construction contracts suggests alternative methods exist to secure project completion. While retentions offer some benefits, reforms in this area could significantly improve the UAE construction industry. By promoting faster payment cycles, minimizing disputes over defects, and exploring alternative security measures, the UAE can create a more efficient and financially healthy construction environment for all involved.

In the UAE, the common rate is 10% of the contract price. In conclusion, retention money serves a dual purpose: security for the employer and an incentive for the contractor. However, it's crucial to find a balance that avoids creating financial strain for the contractor or leading to unnecessary disputes. However, it's important to note that while not legally mandated in the UAE, retention is a common practice, typically set at 10% of the contract price. The first half (5%) is usually released upon completion of the work, and the second half (5%) is released after the defect's liability period ends (typically one year after handover). Recent developments, like the introduction of VAT, have added some complexity, but clarifications have been issued to address these concerns.

The United Kingdom falls within a similar range of 5% to 10%, while some European countries eliminate retention. North America, on the other hand, frequently uses performance bonds as an alternative or in conjunction with retention. The release schedule for retained funds often involves a phased approach, like the UAE’s system, with a portion released upon project completion and the rest after the defects liability period. However, the timing of these releases can differ. Some regions might release a larger chunk of the retention upon completion, while others wait until the entire warranty period has elapsed. Another key difference is using alternatives. Performance bonds, issued by a financial institution to guarantee a contractor's fulfillment of contractual obligations, are a popular alternative in many countries besides the UAE. While the UAE has less regulation on these clauses, other jurisdictions might have specific rules.  The European Union, for example, has directives governing unfair contract terms, which can influence how retention clauses are written and enforced.

Moreover, beyond employers and contractors, the UAE construction industry relies heavily on consultants and subcontractors. Consultants, acting as advisors to the employer, offer expertise across various stages. Architects and engineers design the project, quantity surveyors manage budgets, and project managers oversee the entire lifecycle. This ensures the project aligns with the employer's vision and adheres to regulations. Subcontractors, however, partner with the main contractor to handle specific tasks. MEP contractors handle building systems, fit-out contractors manage interior finishes, and landscapers design the outdoor environment. By delegating to specialists, the main contractor benefits from expertise, efficiency, and potentially lower costs. However, the responsibility for subcontractor performance ultimately falls on the main contractor, as outlined in standard construction contracts.  In essence, consultants and subcontractors contribute specialized skills and knowledge, working alongside employers and contractors to ensure the successful completion of complex construction projects.

Resolving construction disputes in Dubai involves three main options: arbitration, litigation, and adjudication. Arbitration is the preferable option, particularly for mid-sized and larger projects. The Dubai International Arbitration Centre (DIAC) acts as the primary venue, while alternatives include following the rules of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) or the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA). Litigation through the Onshore Courts is another method commonly used. The local courts handle disputes where a party resides within their jurisdiction or where the contract was signed or fulfilled. Proceedings are primarily conducted in Arabic and may involve appointing an expert to analyze the case. Thirdly, parties can opt to resolve disputes in either the DIFC Courts (Dubai) or ADGM Courts (Abu Dhabi). These free zone courts operate as independent English common law judiciaries. The DIFC Courts even boast a specialized Technology & Construction Division for intricate cases. While Dispute Arbitration Boards, Expert Determination, and negotiation exist as possibilities, they are currently less popular methods for resolving construction disputes in Dubai.

The UAE construction industry relies on well-defined contracts based on FIDIC standards and adhering to the Civil Code. These contracts establish clear expectations and manage risks. Retention offers security for employers but can strain contractors' cash flow and lead to disputes.  The industry's success hinges on navigating this balance between security and financial health.

Author: Bassem Elazhary