Initial Coin Offering (ICO)

ICOs have become an increasingly popular method of fundraising for start-ups and other companies with the intention to fund innovative projects based on Blockchain technology. Although there is not a specific regulatory framework for ICOs, Cyprus has shown willingness to support innovation through the creation of the Innovation Hub and having a constant oversight over market developments.  ICOs may be conducted through Cyprus companies provided the securities legislation is not violated.

(Please refer on our website for the chart) 

Security Token Offering (STO)

STOs as their name suggests, are securities in the form of digital assets which can be indicatively, Debt Tokens, Equity Tokens, Convertible to Shares Tokens, Derivative Tokens and generally Tokens having characteristics similar to shares, that need to be compliant with securities legislation before their offering to the public, subject to exceptions. STOs are regarded to be the upcoming gamechangers to the traditional financing methods. STOs either done by way of a private placement of a tokenized security or by way of a public offering, are providing companies with innovative ideas with the opportunity to reach a pool of investors and raise funding for their projects in a compliant, easier and cost-efficient method. Particular guidelines and specific regulations need to be issued by the regulator facilitating and clarifying the matter.

Any STO would require the publication of an approved prospectus, unless qualifying for an exemption applicable under the existing legislation. The exceptions currently in force are:

1. A public offering of securities from Cyprus for a total consideration in the whole European Union, less than €5 million calculated over a 12-month period.
2. An offer of securities addressed solely to qualified investors.
3. An offer of securities addressed to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons per Member State, other than qualified investors.
4. An offer of securities whose denomination per unit amounts to at least €100.000. 
5. An offer of securities addressed to investors who acquire securities for a total consideration of at least €100.000 per investor, for each separate offer.

Tax & Vat Considerations

Taxation is always of an immense importance as it is one of the most important factors to consider when making an investment. Cyprus offers an attractive tax regime with one of the lowest corporate Tax and Vat rates in the EU being 12.5% and 19% respectively.

In order to assess both the Tax and Vat implications of ICOs or STOs one needs to understand the nature of the tokens being offered. In their simple form these can be classified as Payment Tokens which are designed as a means of payments, Utility Tokens giving access to goods and services and Security Tokens resembling the characteristics of equities, debentures, financial instruments. 

In the absence of specific guidelines by the Cyprus Tax Authorities on both Tax and Vat implications of tokens, we hereby express our views based on the basic and fundamental provisions of the Cyprus Tax and Vat Legislations that are currently in force, while having in mind the general provisions of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs).

(Please refer on our website for the chart) 

How Kinanis Law Firm can assist

Our Firm is ready to assist clients with:

• Legal, Tax, Vat and Accounting advice for the Blockchain project;
• Review and consultation on Whitepaper, Prospectus or Offering Memorandum to confirm legal compliance;
• Classification of Tokens to be issued in connection to the project;
• Drafting or review of various agreements relating to ICOs, STOs;
• Drafting and review of private policy and terms and conditions documentation;
• Notification and Licensing to Authorities re: ICO or STO project, if deemed necessary;
• Advice on the ICO, STO and corporate structure to be used;
• Formation and management of companies to be used in the project;
• Legal analysis of the regulatory framework;
• Advise on AML, KYC, and Compliance issues - preparation of relevant manuals;
• Advise on Data Protection law issues (GDPR) and drafting of GDPR provisions;
• Support on banking issues for the opening of bank accounts;
• Drafting of Shareholders’ agreements;
• Ongoing legal advice on the matter and related issues.