Employment and discrimination.
Andrew is an employment law specialist of many years experience; he is recognised for his talents in both Legal 500 and Chambers & Partners and has been nominated by the Legal 500 for a 2024 Bar Award in the "Employment Junior of the Year" category.
Andrew is 3PB's Employment and Discrimination Law Group Deputy Head.
Prior to joining 3PB, Andrew gained invaluable experience working in the employment department of a major corporate firm. He has also undertaken a period of secondment in the legal department of a local authority.
Before retraining as a barrister Andrew spent nine years in the corporate world. This experience enables Andrew to appreciate employment disputes, and their context, on a very practical level
Andrew enjoys delivering training seminars. He is happy to explore potential options upon enquiry. Recent seminar topics delivered recently include:
Equal pay National minimum wage General caselaw updatesEmployment and Discrimination
Andrew MacPhail is regularly instructed to appear at Employment Tribunal hearings. His experience at ET covers a wide range of employment law areas including whistle-blowing, discrimination (including sex, race, disability, pregnancy and age), failures to make reasonable adjustments, harassment, victimisation, equal pay, unfair dismissal, TUPE, unlawful deductions and breach of contract.
He is often instructed for complex multi-day discrimination and whistle-blowing hearings.
Andrew has also made many appearances at the Employment Appeal Tribunal. Issues dealt with on appeal include: NMW (“sleep-in” shifts), employee status and continuity of service, equal pay, effective date of termination, ACAS EC, limitation, duty to mitigate, et al.
As set out below Andrew has also achieved success at the Court of Appeal in BMC Software Limited v Ms A Shaikh [2019] EWCA Civ 267.
Appellate work (Court of Appeal and Employment Appeal Tribunal)
Appearances at the Court of Appeal and the EAT include:
Equal Pay – Court of Appeal
Andrew successfully appeared in the Court of Appeal on behalf of Ms Shaikh, a senior female sales person (BMC Software Limited v Ms A Shaikh [2019] EWCA Civ 267).
The Court of Appeal upheld Ms Shaikh’s cross-appeal against the judgment of the EAT, thereby reinstating the decision of the ET upholding her claim for equal claim (and the claims contingent on that, including unfair dismissal and wrongful dismissal). The Court of Appeal agreed that the EAT had been wrong to reach the view that the ET had failed to give adequate reasons for the decision in favour of Ms Shaikh on her equal pay claim.
The decision on adequacy of reasons rendered academic BMC’s appeal as regards the previous manner of disposal adopted by the EAT. The Court of Appeal nevertheless took the opportunity to point out that an invitation to an ET to give further reasons is not an option available to the EAT at point of disposal; rather it is a tool which can be deployed only whilst the relevant appeal is ongoing.
The litigation is also notable in respect of the earlier decision of the EAT on the question of whether a breach of an equality clause can, in itself, give rise to a discriminatory constructive dismissal ([2017] IRLR 1074).
Andrew appeared on behalf of Ms Shaikh throughout the litigation, from the ET to the Court of Appeal.
National Minimum Wage (“sleep-in shifts”)
Litigation addressing whether “sleep-in” shifts are “work” for the purposes of the National Minimum Wage spanned a considerable period, with some parties pursuing the litigation to the Supreme Court.
Earlier in the litigation, Andrew appeared in the EAT representing Mr Roberts, resisting the appeal of Focus Care against a judgment of the ET in favour of Mr Roberts (UKEAT/0143/16/DM). The appeal was successfully resisted, albeit due to the principle claim in Mr Robert’s case being based on breach of contract rather than the National Minimum Wage.
Andrew appeared on another “sleep-in” NMW matter at the EAT on behalf of Ms Edwards, in the appeal of Abbeyfield Wessex Society against an ET judgment in Ms Edwards’ favour in respect of the NMW (UKEAT/0445/16/BA).
Effective date of termination
Andrew represented an employer at the EAT resisting an appeal by an employee against the decision of the ET that a letter purportedly giving notice of dismissal was effective. The result at the ET had been to render most of the employee’s claims out of time.
The employee argued, amongst other things, that the alleged “conditional” nature of the letter rendered the letter rendered it ineffective as a notice of dismissal. Andrew was successful at the ET and the EAT; the EAT upheld the decision of the ET that the letter was effective, despite the employee’s arguments as to its “conditional” nature, and dismissed the appeal.
Employee status and continuity of service
In April 2017 Andrew appeared in the EAT, resisting an appeal against the decision of the ET in favour of C. At ET C had argued that his period of engagement with R was covered by an umbrella employment contract; in the alternative he contended that each and every assignment (of which there were 100s) was a contract of employment, and that he could rely on the continuity of service provisions of the ERA to demonstrate qualifying period.
The ET had upheld the latter argument and as such concluded that C was an employee with qualifying service. At the EAT the ex-employer was represented by an eminent employment QC. The EAT upheld the appeal. The matter was remitted to the same ET.
ACAS Early Conciliation
Andrew has appeared at the EAT twice in respect of litigation concerning ACAS Early Conciliation:
Science Warehouse Ltd v Mills [2016] 1 ICR 252 was heard at the EAT in October 2015, with Andrew acting for Ms Mills. Andrew successfully resisted the appeal. The resulting EAT decision represents one of the first EAT authorities in this area.
Andrew also appeared at the EAT in De Mota v ADR Network & The Co-operative Group UKEAT/0305/16/DA in which the EAT concluded in essence that it is not necessary for a claimant, who wishes to pursue two different employers, to complete two different ACAS EC Forms.
Employment tribunal appearances: Acting for Respondents:
Summaries of some of Andrew’s appearances at ET are set out below:
Whistleblowing detriment, dismissal and costs
Andrew represented R in defending a claim pursued by C for whistleblowing detriment and unfair dismissal. All of the claims were dismissed following a 12-day final hearing in late 2021.
Andrew also represented R in its subsequent application for costs, for a significant sum. The costs litigation ran for several months, with C contesting the application vigorously.
At a costs hearing in September 2022, the ET gave judgment in R’s favour, concluding that C had acted unreasonably. The ET ordered that C pay 50% of R1’s costs, with a detailed costs assessment to be carried out by the County Court.
Direct race discrimination
Andrew represented R in defending a claim presented by C for numerous alleged acts of direct race discrimination. The claims were principally directed at the failure to appoint him to various posts for which he had applied. The matter was heard at a 10-day final hearing in May 2022. The ET heard from 11 witnesses. The claims were dismissed in full.
Dismissal due to immigration status: successful defence of claim for unfair dismissal
C was dismissed in circumstances where R believed that the company would be in breach of immigration law to continue to employ him (albeit that belief turned out to be incorrect). No appeal was offered. C claimed for unfair dismissal. Andrew represented R at ET. The ET dismissed the claim.
Local government: successful defence against claims for EqA victimisation and ERA whistle-blowing
Whilst employed C pursued a number of grievances about various matters, including alleged discrimination. In due course C resigned and subsequently pursued multiple claims for victimisation and whistle-blowing detriment, as well as unfair (constructive) dismissal. Andrew represented R at a multi-day hearing on liability. The ET dismissed the claims.
Tourism company: claims for disability discrimination and unfair dismissal
C was dismissed for redundancy and proceeded to pursue multiple claims for disability discrimination and unfair dismissal. R was represented by Andrew at ET. The ET found disability unproven and in any event dismissed the claims for reasonable adjustments and disability discrimination. The unfair dismissal was upheld on procedural grounds, albeit the award was limited to two week’s pay under the “polkey” principle.
Town council: successful defence against lengthy claim for constructive dismissal
C worked for a local town council. C resigned relying on (as alleged breach of contract) numerous matters going back years. The ET hearing of the evidence ran over seven days, in two sittings. Andrew successfully defended the claim. It was dismissed in its entirety.
National organisation: EqA harassment and constructive unfair dismissal
C was a senior manager in a division of a large organisation. She resigned following what she alleged was unreasonable/discriminatory treatment going back some years. She alleged that there had been a campaign to force her out of the business. Andrew represented the Respondent in this matter. The ET upheld some claims for harassment. However Andrew successfully persuaded the ET to reject the claims for unfair constructive dismissal and failures to make reasonable adjustments; the ET also rejected C’s core contention of a campaign to force her out.
Employment tribunal appearances: Acting for Claimants
NHS: successful discrimination claim against NHS Trust
Whilst employed C pursued a number of grievances about various matters. R dismissed C purportedly on the basis of a breakdown of trust and confidence. In the circumstances, R chose not to comply with its usual disciplinary procedures. C brought claims for race discrimination and unfair dismissal. Andrew represented C at a multi-day hearing on liability. The ET upheld the claim for unfair dismissal, as well as the race discrimination claim relating to the manner of dismissal.
NHS: successful unfair dismissal claim against NHS Trust
C was dismissed by a NHS Trust: it was alleged that she had been working for another employer without adherence to the additional employment policy, allegedly whilst in receipt of sick pay; it was alleged that she had, initially, failed to declare those earnings to the HMRC at the correct time.
C was represented by Andrew at the ET. The ET upheld her claims for wrongful dismissal and unfair dismissal. In respect of the latter, a 25% contributory fault reduction was made; no “polkey” reduction was made.
Local government: successful unfair dismissal claim for social worker
C was dismissed in circumstances where she had, R alleged, been responsible for acts of seriously negligent mis-judgment. C claimed that her dismissal was unfair. She also alleged that her dismissal (and other alleged acts) had been because of whistle-blowing. Andrew represented C at ET. The ET upheld the claim for unfair dismissal.
Re-engagement order obtained: housing association
C was dismissed, purportedly for redundancy. C claimed unfair dismissal. Shortly before the ET hearing, R conceded unfair dismissal. Andrew represented C at the ET hearing. Andrew pursued, and obtained, a re-engagement order.
Employee status: founder solicitor
C was founder of a firm of solicitors; she was subsequently bought out by a LLP and continued in a senior position. Post termination she brought a number of claims. A preliminary issue for the ET was employee status, in respect of which Andrew represented C. The ET found in favour of C, i.e. that she was an employee.
Investigations
Andrew MacPhail is happy to assist with workplace and employment investigations.
Investigations undertaken by Andrew to date include:
A grievance investigation into an existing employee’s allegations of direct race discrimination. a grievance investigation into an existing employee's allegations of direct sex discrimination. A grievance investigation into an existing employee’s allegations of direct sex discrimination and victimisation. An investigation into the appeal of an ex-employee against the outcome of a complaint he had submitted post termination.Investigations tend to involve the following core steps:
Terms of reference Interviews and collation of documentary evidence Production of an investigation report.Year of Call: 2007
