On an individual basis, the most commonly offered incentive plans are bonuses in cash and equity bonuses (free-shares and stock-options). Those plans are usually offered to high level employees (whose work directly influences the company’s results) and certain corporate officers (see question 5).

Note that on a collective basis, in companies having at least 50 employees it is mandatory to set up a profit-sharing agreement (“participation”). Also, it is very common to have company savings plans (“PEE”) or optional profit-sharing plans (“intéressement”). These schemes are not “tailor made”, as all employees, and sometimes company officers, are beneficiaries. We will therefore not mention them in this questionnaire.

The most common form is stock options, which allow employees (typically managers) of a company, whether listed or not, to subscribe to or purchase shares of their own company, or under specific conditions outlined by the Commercial Code, shares of other companies within the same group, for a fixed period at a pre-determined price that cannot be modified during the option’s term. The beneficiaries, conditions for granting and exercising options must be defined in the plan. The scheme, upon meeting the conditions set forth by the French Commercial Code, benefits from a preferential social and tax regime.

There exist other kinds of option plans, such as:

• Share purchase warrants (“BSA”), which the beneficiary purchases and that give the right to subscribe to shares at a pre-determined price for a fixed period;
• Warrants to subscribe for shares of a business creator (“BSPCE”), which are granted free of charge to their beneficiaries, entitling them to subscribe to shares at a price fixed at the time of the grant during a specified period.

In addition to the plans mentioned in question 2 (BSA…), the most common schemes include free shares that may be set up by any company (whether listed or not). These are plans that allow for the free allocation of shares of the company to an employee (generally a manager) (or, under specific conditions provided for by the Commercial Code, shares of other companies belonging to the same group). The beneficiaries and conditions for granting shares must be defined in the plan. The scheme, when it meets the conditions provided for by the French Commercial Code, benefits from preferential social and tax regime.

The other most common forms of incentives include incentive bonuses in cash or phantom shares (similar to cash bonuses but the amount of which depends on the value of the company’s shares). The conditions for receiving these incentives, the methods for calculating them, and the timeframe for acquiring them must be clearly defined in the plan.

Additionally, investment funds may offer their employees the possibility to acquire carried interests.

Concerning corporate officers (who do not have an employment contract), the Commercial Code provides for some limits in the event of the award of free shares or stock options, so that the scheme can benefit from the favourable tax and social security regime.

More particularly, a restrictive list of officers is provided by this code:

• the chairman of the board of directors (“président du conseil d’administration”) ;
• the chief executive officer (“directeur general”) ;
• the deputy chief executive officer (“directeur général délégué”) ;
• the members of the management board (“membres du directoire”) ;
• the manager of a joint-stock company (“gérant d’une société par actions”).

However, as an exception, stock options may be granted to corporate officers even if they do not hold a management position or an employment contract when they participate with employees in the creation of a company or its takeover by the purchase of the majority of its voting rights. This option is available only within the two years following the company’s registration or the acquisition of a majority of its voting rights.

Furthermore, the Board of Directors must set additional conditions that restrict, relative to employees, the ability of corporate officers to exercise their stock options or to sell the shares granted under these plans.

Finally, for a listed company to grant stock options or free shares to corporate officers, it must meet at least one of the following conditions during the financial year in which the allocation occurs:

• Grant stock options or shares to all its employees and to at least 90% of the employees of its French subsidiaries, in which it holds at least 50% of the capital in these French subsidiaries;
• Or implement an additional profit-sharing agreement for the benefit of its employees and at least 90% of all employees of the aforementioned subsidiaries;
• In the case of free shares, a payment by the company to the company savings plan for the benefit of its employees and at least 90% of the employees of the aforementioned French subsidiaries.

In any event, to benefit from the favourable tax and social regime, no free shares or stock options may be granted to an employee or a corporate officer who holds more than 10% of the share capital nor if the effect of the grant would increase his shareholding to more than 10% of the share capital. However, this percentage does not include shares in the company held directly by an employee or corporate officer for more than seven years.

Yes, awards are often subject to performance criteria, vesting schedules (mandatory for free shares to benefit from favourable social and tax regimes) and presence conditions, non-compliance with these conditions entails forfeiture.

As far as presence conditions are concerned, they must not have the effect of forfeiting a beneficiary’s already acquired right. Thus, it is not possible to make the payment of the remuneration conditional upon the presence of the beneficiary in the company on a given date if the element of remuneration has already been acquired.

Finally, pecuniary penalties are prohibited under French labour law. Thus, it is not possible to deprive an employee of an award in the event of dismissal for misconduct.

Subject to these conditions, the clause providing for the loss in the event of termination of the employment contract before the vesting date is valid. However, the competent courts retain the possibility of assessing the legitimacy of the termination grounds and may grant compensation if the termination be deemed as unfair.

As explained, it is not possible to provide that the bonus will be paid if the employee is still present on the scheduled payment date if the vesting condition has already been met (see question 6).

On the other hand, it is possible to provide retention or holding periods for the shares, for a certain period which may extend beyond the period of employment. These kinds of provisions, such as retention or holding periods for the shares, are quite common practices.

As mentioned in question 6, French law prohibits pecuniary sanctions. Accordingly, it is not allowed to reduce or cancel an employee’s remuneration, particularly variable remuneration, on the grounds that the employee has committed a fault.

This regulation, which has a very general scope and is subject to civil and criminal sanctions, leads to a prohibition in principle of malus and clawback clauses.

However, to ‘clean up’ the remuneration policies defined within certain financial institutions, the law has been adapted to provide for an exception to the prohibition of pecuniary sanctions in this particular sector.

Indeed, in credit institutions and investment firms, employees whose professional activities have a significant impact on the risk profile of the company or the Group may be subject to malus and clawback clauses.

In these sectors, malus and clawback provisions are almost systematic.

Apart from these specific sectors, these clauses cannot for the moment, be generalized under French law.

On a preliminary basis, note that:

• Cash bonuses or bonuses resulting from phantom shares plans are subject to national social security contributions and income tax (through withholding tax) under the same conditions as salary, at the date of payment;
• If the requirements of the French Commercial Code are not respected, bonuses in shares (stock options and free shares) are subject to social security contributions under the same conditions as salary based on the value of the shares (stock market price) on the date the capital gain is realized by the beneficiary. They are also subject to income tax (through withholding tax) in the wages and salaries category for the year the bonus in shares is granted. In this case, the amount subject to income tax is equal to the value of the shares at the date of their acquisition, but it may also take into account the capital gain realized by the employee upon the sale of the shares, if it is considered that this capital gain was acquired as a result of the duties performed by the beneficiary in the company.
• Bonuses in shares (stock options and free shares) are subject to preferential social and tax regime, provided that the requirements of the French Commercial Code are complied with (see question 5) and specific disclosure requirements are fulfilled (see question 11). The social and tax regime depends on the date of authorization to grant the shares. The rules set out below apply since January 1, 2018, and are contingent upon compliance with the conditions set forth in the French Commercial Code.

(i) On grant:

There are no tax and social security consequences on grant for bonuses in shares.

(ii) On vesting:

When the free shares are vested, the gain (which corresponds to the value of the shares at the date of acquisition) is treated differently depending on its amount:

• for the fraction that does not exceed €300,000, the gain is subject to income tax like a salary but benefits from a 50% deduction. It is also subject to CSG and CRDS, like income from assets, and various social security deductions (at a global rate of 17.2%),
• for the fraction exceeding €300,000, the gain is subject to income tax like a salary. This gain is also subject to CSG and CRDS, like wages, as well as a 10% employee contribution.

The tax and these social contributions are due when the shares are transferred.

There are no tax and social security consequences for stock options as long as they are not exercised.

(iii) On exercise:

When stock options are exercised, the gain from the exercise of the option (which corresponds to the difference between the value of the share when the option is exercised and the purchase price of the share that had been set in advance) is subject to income tax in the same way as wages. This gain is also subject to CSG and CRDS, similar to wages, as well as a 10% employee contribution. The tax and these social contributions are due when the shares are transferred.

In the case of stock options, taxation and social security contributions may also be due in the year of exercise of the option if a discount of more than 5% has been offered by the company on the value of the share.

(iv) On the acquisition, holding and/or disposal of any underlying shares or securities; and

The capital gain realized on the sale of the shares (since the exercise of options for stock options or the allocation of shares for bonus shares) is subject to a flat tax of 30% (12.8% for income tax and 17.2% for social contributions).

(v) In connection with any loans offered to participants (either by the company operating the incentive plan, the employer of the participant (if different) or a third party) as part of the incentive plan.

Note that social security contributions are due as of the date of payment, even if it is an advance payment. In addition, the income tax must therefore be applied, and the withholding tax must be applied as soon as the gain is available for its beneficiary.

On a preliminary basis, note that:

• The cost of incentive plans may, under certain conditions, be deducted from the taxable profits of companies.
• Cash bonuses or bonuses resulting from phantom shares plans are subject to national social security contributions under the same conditions as salary;
• If the requirements of the French Commercial Code are not complied with, bonuses in shares (stock options and free shares) are subject to social security contributions under the same conditions as salary based on the value of the shares (stock market price) on the date the capital gain is realized by the beneficiary.
• Bonuses in shares (stock options and free shares) are subject to preferential social and tax regimes provided that the requirements of the French Commercial Code are complied with (see question 5) and specific disclosure requirements are fulfilled (see question 11).
• The social and tax regime depends on the date of authorization to grant the shares. The rules set out below are those applicable since January 1, 2018, provided that the conditions set out in the French Commercial Code are complied with.

(i) On grant:

The granting of bonuses in shares does not give rise to the payment of national social security contributions at the time of granting.

However, a specific contribution is due by the company for stock-options: 30 % of the value of the options granted calculated based on:

• either the fair value of the options ;
• or 25% of the value of the shares to which the options relate on the date of the decision to grant the shares.

This contribution is due the month following the date of the decision to grant the options. However, if the granting of stock options is subject to conditions, and these conditions are not met and consequently no stock options are granted, it may be possible to request the reimbursement of this contribution, based on a decision of the French Constitutional Council regarding free shares.

(ii) On vesting:

A specific contribution is due by the company for free shares: 20 % of the value of the shares on the date of the acquisition. This contribution is due the month following the acquisition date.

(iii) On exercise:

No national social security contributions are due.

(iv) On the acquisition, holding and/or disposal of any underlying shares or securities:

No national social security contributions are due.

(v) In connection with any loans offered to participants (either by the company operating the incentive plan, the employer of the participant (if different) or a third party) as part of the incentive plan.

Note that social security contributions are due from the date of payment, even if it is an advance payment.

Cash bonuses or bonuses resulting from phantom shares plans must be reported by the employer on its annual wages declaration (DSN) to the “URSSAF” (French agency in charge of collecting the national social security contributions).

With regard to stock options and free shares, the preferential tax and social regime is subject to reporting obligations:

• on grant, the company must inform the “URSSAF” of the beneficiaries’ identity;
• on vesting, the company must issue an individual statement for each beneficiary having acquired shares and send such statement to the employee no later than March 1 of the year following vesting. Information relating to the awards must also be reported by the employer on its annual wages declaration (DSN) to the “URSSAF”.

The beneficiary must, for his part, make declarations to the tax authorities when the shares are transferred. Note that additional reporting requirements are applicable for incentive plans benefiting company officers, in particular in listed companies.

a. In principle, assuming that the plan does not state otherwise, employees have no right to compensation for loss of their awards when their employment terminates regardless of the reason for the termination.

However, a clause depriving the employee of the benefit of the plan only in the event of dismissal for misconduct shall be deemed unwritten. Such a clause constitutes a pecuniary sanction, prohibited under French employment law (see question 6).

b. As an exception, an employee has a right to compensation in the event of a dismissal ruled unfair by judges. In that case:

• for “cash bonuses”, the bonus would be due even if the employee does not meet the attendance condition;
• with regard to stock options and free shares, the employee may be awarded damages for loss of opportunity to definitively acquire the shares or to exercise the option. Note that some judges may have decided on the total allocation of the shares or their equivalent value in such a case.

The implementation of an incentive plan generally involves the collection and processing of some personal data of the beneficiaries. This requires compliance with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is required.

French bodies such as the Tax administration, the Financial Markets Authority (“AMF”), the French Institute of Administrators (“IFA”) or the national association of joint-stock companies (“ANSA”) issued guidelines on these specific matters, which are regularly updated.

In addition, for companies whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market, the AFEP-MEDEF Code provides for some recommendations that apply to incentive plans offered to company officers.

a. Some provisions relating to securities may have an impact on incentive plans.

Insider trading and misconduct are prohibited in France. To limit this risk, “negative windows” have been established. Accordingly, pursuant to the French Commercial Code, in a company whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market, stock options may not be granted:

1° Within the 10 trading days preceding the date on which the annual and interim consolidated financial statements or, in their absence, the annual and half-yearly financial statements, are published;

2° Within the period between:

1. the date on which the company’s corporate bodies become aware of information that, if it were made public, could have a significant impact on the price of the company’s shares,
2. and the date that is ten market days after the date on which such information is made public.

In the same way, free shares may not be transferred:

1° Within 30 calendar days prior to the announcement of an interim financial report or year-end report that the issuer is required to make public;

2° By corporate officers and employees with knowledge of privileged information, within the period between:

1. the date on which the company’s corporate bodies become aware of information which, if it were made public, could have a significant impact on the price of the company’s shares,
2. and the date that is 10 market days after the date on which such information is made public.

b. Concerning prospectus regulations, the Financial Markets Authority (“AMF”) stated that free shares allocation plans and stock option plans are not subject to the requirement to produce a prospectus provided that such shares are of the same class as those already admitted to trading on a regulated market.

There is no specialist regulatory regime on incentive plans.

Nevertheless, as mentioned above (see question 14), for companies whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market, the AFEP-MEDEF Code provides for some recommendations that apply to incentive plans offered to company officers.

Also, some specific organizations that have authority in that matter (such as the Financial Markets Authority (“AMF”) or the national association of joint-stock companies (“ANSA”) have issued guidelines on these specific matters, which are regularly updated.

Depending on the plans’ provisions, exchange control restrictions may affect the operation of incentive plan.

a. For employees, the main steps are as follows:

• Draw up the incentive plan (it is recommended to draft or translate the plan into French to avoid any dispute regarding its enforceability);
• Consult of the “Social and Economic Committee” (CSE) if required;
• Communicate the plan to the employee at the beginning of the reference period.

b. For company officers, especially in listed public limited companies, special requirements apply. The plan must first be approved by the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors and then by the general meeting of shareholders (Say on pay ex ante). A vote of the general meeting of shareholders is also required at the end of the vesting period (Say on pay ex post). In other words, in listed public limited companies, the principles and criteria for determining and allocating shares to company officers must be approved annually by the general meeting of shareholders.

c. Specific formal procedures are also established for stock option plans or free share allocations as provided by the French Commercial Code. Allocations must be authorized by the company’s extraordinary general meeting. The board of directors then decides on the grants and sets the conditions.

Yes, a company whose registered office is located abroad may set up an incentive plan.

It may also grant stock options or free shares to employees working in a French parent or subsidiary entity. An overseas corporation can also grant shares to employees employed in France in a permanent establishment (e.g., a branch office) or a permanent establishment of another foreign company related to it. The favourable tax and social regime will be applicable provided that such allocation complies with the conditions set forth by the French Commercial Code (these can nevertheless be adjusted). In particular, the foreign company must have a corporate form that is similar to a company eligible under French law.

Yes, an overseas employee can participate in an incentive plan. Also note, that by application of the “equal treatment, equal pay” principle (see question 5), the employer might be forced in certain circumstances to grant the incentive plan to an overseas employee.

The taxation of share options or awards held by internationally mobile employee depends on his or her tax domicile and tax treaty concluded between the countries concerned (if any).

In principle, share options or awards are taxed in the State in which the activity remunerated by the granting of the options or shares was carried out.

As for share options or awards, cash-based incentives held by internationally mobile employee depend on his or her tax domicile and the tax treaty concluded between the countries concerned (if any).

If the employee’s sole tax domicile is France, cash-based incentives are taxed in accordance with French law (see question 9).

Incentive plans that do not comply with the conditions of the French Commercial Code regarding stock options or free shares must consider the evolution of case law from the French Supreme Court (“Cour de cassation”). Indeed, the French Supreme Court now seems to maintain that gains derived from the allocation of shares ought to be subjected to social security contributions at the moment the capital gain is realized.

Furthermore, the criteria for performance for incentive plans increasingly include Corporate Social Responsibility (“CSR”) standards.

On November 29, 2023, a new law was enacted with the objective of more closely involving employees in the performance of companies, particularly in “PME” (i.e. small and medium-sized enterprises). This law aims to promote the dissemination and growth of value-sharing schemes, introduce a new requirement to negotiate on exceptional profits, streamline the implementation of value-sharing schemes, and enhance employee share ownership. Most of these measures took effect on December 1, 2023.

In terms of employee share ownership, the legislation has raised the maximum legal limits for the allocation of free shares.

In the forthcoming months, it will be observed whether these initiatives are effective in broadening share ownership, especially in terms of free share plans or value-based compensation schemes.