There are generally no forms of income or capital gains tax in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). Apart from individual employees physically resident in the BVI and subject to payroll tax, residence and domicile are generally not relevant to an individual’s tax status in the BVI. Individuals physically resident in the BVI who are gainfully employed are subject to a payroll tax which is deducted from their salaries by their employers (§2) and there are taxes payable on the transfer of ownership of BVI real property (§8).

The way the BVI revenue laws are structured means, in practice, that they are unlikely to affect any transaction or structure which does not have a commercial operation within the territory.

There are no capital gains taxes in the BVI.

The BVI has a zero-rated income tax regime. However, payroll taxes are assessed on every employee and deemed employee for services rendered wholly or mainly in the BVI whether or not the remuneration is paid in the BVI.  Remuneration includes wages and salary however it does not include dividends paid by a company registered in the BVI and payments made by an employer for the benefit of an employee to any approved health insurance scheme or pension scheme.

Partners in a partnership and shareholders and members of a company or association carrying on business in the BVI and who participate, otherwise than as employees, in the income of the business will be deemed employees for the purposes of payroll tax.

Depending on the size of the enterprise and operations, payroll tax will be assessed at 10 per cent (if the enterprise employs fewer than 7 persons) or 14 per cent of total annual remuneration paid to the employee or deemed employee; 8 per cent may be deducted from the employee at source, whereas the remainder is paid by the employer or self-employed person. No deduction shall be made in respect of the first US$10,000 of actual remuneration paid to an employee in any financial year (which currently corresponds with the calendar year).

Payroll tax is generally payable within 21 days of the end of the month in which the remuneration was paid. An annual return is due within 120 days of the end of the calendar year.

In addition, employees also pay 4 per cent social security contributions whilst employers must pay 4.5 per cent (both subject to a cap). In addition both employer and employee pay contributions toward national health insurance at a rate of 7.5 per cent of the employee’s salary split equally between the employer and employee.

There is no withholding tax.

As the BVI generally imposes no income or capital gains tax there is generally no prospect of double taxation. The BVI is not a signatory to the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting.

There is no wealth tax in the BVI.

There are no BVI estate duties, inheritance taxes or gift taxes, irrespective of the place of residence or domicile of the deceased or beneficiary of an estate, or of the donor or donee of a gift or the situs of the assets. There is however stamp duty of US$5 payable on the transfer of land as a gift of natural love and affection to a ‘Belonger’ (see question 9 below for general definition of ‘Belonger’) in the BVI. If title to BVI real property is acquired by way of gift or inheritance, a licence is required in order for non-belongers to hold that real property.

As mentioned, there are no estate duties, inheritance taxes or gift taxes. Accordingly, no tax reliefs apply.

As mentioned, there are no estate duties, inheritance taxes or gift taxes and therefore there are no incentives to encourage gifts during a person’s lifetime or on their death.

Stamp duty is payable in connection with the acquisition and disposal of interests in real estate and land or shares in companies which own (directly or indirectly) real estate and land in the BVI. Stamp duty on freehold property is currently assessed at 4 per cent for belongers or 12 per cent for non-belongers on either the purchase consideration or the market value of the property, whichever is higher. This applies whether the property is held directly or via a corporate vehicle. There is also a recently introduced exemption for first time buyers with belonger status.

The concept of belonging has a complicated meaning under BVI law but, broadly, refers to people of BVI ancestry, or those who have been granted “belongership” through marriage or long residence. It is not synonymous with citizenship and a person can be a belonger without being a citizen and vice versa.

Similarly, a non-belonger company is any company incorporated outside the BVI or any company incorporated in the BVI in which any one of the directors is a non-belonger or where anyone of its shareholders, being a non-belonger, holds more than one-third of its shares. Companies under the control of non-belongers require a licence to hold land.

Stamp duty is payable on instruments as opposed to transactions. Unless an instrument that is stampable has been duly stamped, it cannot be admitted into evidence at court (and will thus be unenforceable) or registered at the Land Registry.

In addition, land and property tax is payable on the assessed value of every house and every acre of land in the BVI. The annual rates of land tax vary between landowners who are belongers and non-belongers. Land tax for non-belongers is US$50 per half acre or less, US$150 for more than a half-acre but less than an acre and any additional acre will be taxed at an additional US$50 per year (the rates are lower for belongers). For leasehold property non-belongers pay1.5 % of the purchase price plus the first 20 years of rent (for belongers the rate is 1%). House tax is assessed at 1.5% of the annual rentable value of the house and applies to both belongers and non-belongers alike.

There is no taxation of digital assets in the BVI.

Except as set out above, there are no material forms of direct taxation applicable to individuals in the BVI.

Indirect forms of tax include customs duties, cheque duty, tourist taxes, charter duties and property taxes. There are nominal stamp duties payable on various instruments (such as bills of sale, charterparties, bills of lading etc.).

Individuals can avail themselves of the BVI revenue law regime upon arrival in the jurisdiction or, if resident in a foreign jurisdiction, through the use of BVI law structures.

To the extent that the individual intends to acquire BVI situs land or real estate, they should seek advice on whether they can avail themselves of ‘belonger’ status, as higher rates of stamp duty and property taxes will otherwise apply. Non-belongers, which includes both foreign companies as well as BVI companies owned or controlled by non-belongers, also require a license to hold property in the BVI (§8).

Individuals who will, or are likely to, become domiciled in the BVI should also give consideration to appropriate estate planning, including making a BVI will (§§12-17).

Succession to movable property situated in the BVI is governed by the deceased individual’s domiciliary law, and succession to immovable property situated in the BVI is governed by the lex situs. There is no forced heirship regime in the BVI and persons who die domiciled in the BVI have complete freedom of testamentary disposition; where such persons die intestate there are rules for intestate succession that will apply where the deceased individual was domiciled in the BVI. For deceased individuals not domiciled in the BVI leaving movable property in the BVI, under BVI conflicts rules any forced heirship regime applicable to the deceased individual under his domiciliary law may be enforced in the BVI.

The use of BVI trusts can limit the impact of foreign forced heirship regimes given the robust firewall provisions set out in the Trustee Act.

According to those provisions, no rule relating to inheritance or succession of the law of domicile of a person shall affect the transfer or disposition of personal property into a trust or otherwise affect the validity of such a trust.

In relation to lifetime transfers into trusts governed by BVI law, there is a comprehensive set of conflict of laws rules designed to prevent a challenge to the validity of a trust on forced heirship grounds.

An heirship right under foreign law does not affect the rights of ownership of BVI property subject to a BVI law governed trust. Additionally, heirship rights conferred by foreign law shall not constitute a person a creditor for the purposes of section 81 Conveyancing and Law of Property Act (pursuant to which every conveyance of property made with intent to defraud creditors shall be voidable at the instance of any person thereby prejudiced).

The BVI does not have any community of property or matrimonial property regime (although the family courts have wide powers regarding the division of property between parties on divorce).

Civil partnerships are not currently recognised under domestic BVI law.

The law governing succession of a deceased person’s estate depends on the nature of the assets. In the case of immoveable property (i.e. real estate), it is the law of the jurisdiction where the assets are situated (i.e. the lex situs). In the case of movable property (which has recently been held by the Eastern Caribbean Court of Appeal to include shares in a BVI company), it is the law of the deceased’s domicile at the time of their death.

Any conflict will be resolved according to the provisions of the Convention on the Conflicts of Laws Relating to the Form of Testamentary Dispositions of 1961. Although there is some uncertainty as to whether the Convention has been given effect in domestic BVI law (by way of an order in council passed by the UK), it has been extended to the BVI as a matter of public international law.

The doctrine of renvoi will apply in relation to succession to immovable property in accordance with English common law conflict of law principles.

Individuals who are domiciled in the BVI and those who are not domiciled in the BVI but personally own BVI situs immovable assets (real estate) should consider making a separate will governed by BVI law to dispose of such assets and to facilitate the probate process.

The formal requirements for validity of a will are that the will must be (i) in writing; (ii) signed by the testator in the presence of two witnesses present at the same time, who must also sign in the testator’s presence; and (iii) the testator must intend by his or her signature to give effect to the will.

For persons dying domiciled in a foreign jurisdiction, the intestacy rules governing their BVI movable assets are those of their jurisdiction of domicile.

For persons dying domiciled in the BVI and/or holding immovable BVI assets, the residuary estate shall be distributed according to the intestacy rules set out in the BVI Intestate Estates Act.

It is not possible for beneficiaries to challenge the adequacy of the provision made for them under the intestacy rules.

The personal representative or representatives (PR) appointed under a BVI grant of representation (or a foreign grant that has been re-sealed) has the sole right of, and responsibility for, administering a deceased person’s BVI situs estate. If foreign property is disposed of by the will, separate probate applications will be needed in each of the jurisdictions in which property disposed of by the will is situated.

A grant of probate or letters of administration (or a re-sealed foreign grant) is required in order to establish title to the estate and allow the PR to collect in the assets (except for assets that will vest separately, for example, by survivorship in the case of joint tenancies).

The powers and duties of the PR are determined exclusively under BVI law and include gathering in the deceased’s assets, paying or making due provision for the estate’s worldwide liabilities out of the BVI situs estate and distributing the remaining assets to the beneficiaries entitled to them under and in accordance with the applicable succession law (which may be a system of law other than that of the BVI).

A range of trusts may be established in the BVI, including discretionary trusts, fixed interest in possession trusts, reserved powers trusts and charitable purpose trusts.

In addition, non-charitable purpose trusts can be established to benefit persons and/or achieve or further any lawful purposes, whether charitable or not, provided they are neither immoral nor contrary to public policy. These trusts must appoint an enforcer who has exclusive standing to enforce the purpose for which the trust was established and can be particularly useful to create dynastic trusts which exist indefinitely (as purpose trusts are not subject to the rule against perpetuities), to create orphan holding structures (for example, to hold shares of a private trust company), or for philanthropic or impact investing (but where these might not qualify as strictly charitable purposes).

There is a special regime under the Virgin Islands Special Trust Act 2003 (VISTA), which may apply to all types of BVI trust. The VISTA legislation enables a settlor to create a trust holding shares in a BVI incorporated company under which the trustee may be disengaged from managerial responsibility in relation to the company’s affairs, thereby leaving greater control to the settlor or his or her nominees to run the company as they see fit. An appropriate use of VISTA can also provide a vehicle that can do away with the need for obtaining a grant of probate in the BVI upon the death of an owner of BVI shares, whilst at the same time allowing the individual a degree of management and control of the company after having divested himself of such ownership.

Private Trust Companies (PTCs) are another attractive vehicle used to act as trustees of private family trusts where the sole business of the PTC is to act as trustee of such trust. The BVI PTC regulations were recently reformed to increase the flexibility and attractiveness of BVI PTC structures by removing a number of cumbersome requirements such as the need to carry on no other business but trust business (something which created a level of uncertainty around what exactly a PTC could legally do). This type of structure enables a greater degree of control by the settlor or other family members over the administration of the trust and specific investment objectives (for example to engage in more speculative investments). They are often favoured by settlors from civil law jurisdictions who may be more apprehensive about transferring their wealth to an independent third party. Rather than holding the shares in the PTC personally, however, a common structuring mechanism for succession planning purposes is for the PTC shares to be held in a VISTA trust.

There is no legislative provision for the establishment of foundations under BVI law.

The principal legislation applicable to BVI trusts is the Trustee Act (as revised), and trustees are subject to the jurisdiction of the BVI courts. In 2021 an amendment to the Trustee Act introduced (among other things) new provisions resulting in (i) the courts having wider power to set aside invalid variations taken under a fiduciary power, (ii) strengthening the ‘firewall’ protections and (iii) amending the reserved powers legislation.

Most trusts (especially in the context of financial planning of high net worth individuals and families) are created in writing. This may be either by way of a settlement signed by both the settlor and the trustee, or by a declaration of trust signed by the trustee alone.

Trustees are under a general common law fiduciary duty to keep proper records and accounts of their trusteeship and with respect to the trust fund. Additionally, there is a statutory obligation to keep accounts of the trust within the BVI in the case of a non-charitable purpose trust.

BVI trusts are exempt from registration under the Registration and Records Act and trustees are exempt from reporting and filing requirements, ensuring a high degree of confidentiality.

It should be noted that it is now possible to apply to the Registrar of Companies in the BVI to obtain a list of directors of a BVI company using an approved form (which may be of relevance in the case of trust underlying companies).

BVI law trusts are generally exempt from taxation. However, the exemption does not apply to distributions to beneficiaries who are resident in the BVI or to BVI trusts which own land or carry on business in the BVI. As the BVI is zero-rated for income tax and does not have any other applicable taxes, this provision has no practical implication at present.

A nominal trust duty is payable on the establishment of a new trust.

Professional services providers acting as trustees of a trust will be subject to payroll tax to the extent they have employees rendering services to the trustee wholly or mainly in the BVI. However, these charges are imposed on the trustee in its personal capacity as an employer and cannot be satisfied from the assets of the trust.

The Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and their Recognition of 1985 (Hague Trusts Convention) has been extended by the UK government to the BVI and forms part of BVI domestic law.  As a general rule, most trusts established under the laws of foreign jurisdictions created for the benefit of foreign persons will be recognised by the BVI courts.

Not applicable.

A BVI discretionary trust can provide substantial asset protection, particularly in view of the firewall legislation. It should be noted that BVI law provides that a transfer to a trust to defraud creditors (i.e. creditors of the settlor existing at the time the trust was created) are voidable at the creditor’s instance.

Trusts are also commonly employed to hold assets in a secure and stable political environment, to hold trust assets located in a jurisdiction which does not recognise the concept of a trust (when used in conjunction with a company structure), or to safeguard against political or strategic risks.

The legal age of majority is 18 years. Although there is no general bar on a minor’s owning assets (other than land), it may impede their transferability and it is therefore generally not advisable for commercially valuable assets to be held in the name of minors. Assets can instead be held by trustees on a minor’s behalf, either on express lifetime or testamentary trusts or on the statutory trusts which arise on intestacy (§16).

The authority given to an attorney under powers of attorney will cease on the donor’s death or incapacity. BVI law does not currently provide for general, lasting or enduring powers of attorney. However, the provisions of the Mental Health Act 2014 apply to persons who are incapable of managing and/or administering their property and affairs by reason of mental disorder.

Other measures that a person might consider taking in view of possible mental incapacity include inserting appropriate provisions in a BVI company’s memorandum and articles (for example, to deal with their automatic resignation from the board) and establishing inter vivos trusts to hold assets for their benefit.

Charitable trusts can be established under BVI law to create a charitable fund or to make provision for existing charitable institutions or purposes. Charities are commonly structured through the use of companies (usually limited by guarantee), unincorporated associations or trusts. In the case of charitable trusts, the categories of charitable purposes recognised by BVI law are the relief of poverty, the advancement of religion or education or other purposes that benefit the community as a whole (including where the benefit is for the public or a section of the public outside of the BVI).

The regulatory framework for certain charities and non-profit organisations operating predominantly in the BVI is provided by the Non-Profit Organisations Act 2012. It applies to organisations which operate primarily in the BVI. Relevant organisations must be registered, adhere to minimum establishment and annual reporting requirements and remain subject to supervision and monitoring.

The BVI has entered into various intergovernmental agreements for the automatic exchange of financial account information to allow for ease of compliance with FATCA and CRS, and its anti-money laundering regime provides for mutual legal assistance in respect of valid requests from established/recognised foreign authorities and agencies. In addition the BVI operates a secure system knows as the “Beneficial Ownership Secure Search System” (BOSS) which allows immediate access to beneficial ownership on all corporate and legal entities incorporated in the BVI by designated persons, at the request of certain designated law enforcement and other governmental agencies.

Recent legislative developments have been dominated by the international policy landscape focussed largely on transparency and regulation, such as the disclosure of beneficial ownership information and automatic exchange of information regimes. The jurisdiction has now enacted legislation providing for the names of directors of BVI companies to become publicly accessible.

While there are no legislative proposals currently under consultation, several areas are long overdue reform.

For instance, there have been calls for a wholesale repeal of the Stamp Act in favour of a comprehensive system of land transfer tax. The Stamp Act has repeatedly been amended in the BVI (and each time provision is made for the amendment in a separate statute, there being no official consolidation of the Act). There has also been fragmentation of taxes that would otherwise have been regarded as stamp duty but have been re-characterised as another form of documentary tax (for example, trust duty).

Similarly, a law giving effect in domestic law to the Hague Testamentary Dispositions Convention could be enacted to simplify the conflict of laws provisions concerning the law of wills and testamentary dispositions in the BVI.

Finally, it remains to be seen whether the BVI will enact civil or domestic partnership legislation, as some of its neighbours in the region have done.