For the conduct of banking activities, Monaco credit institutions are licensed and supervised by the French Prudential Control and Resolution Authority (the “Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution” or the “ACPR”) pursuant to the Exchange of Letters between the Republic of France and the Principality of Monaco dated 20 October 2010. Locally, banks are also informally supervised by an administrative department of the State (the “Direction du Budget et du Trésor”) in charge to ensure the compliance of agreements pertaining to banking activities entered into France and Monaco, on the one hand, and the European Union and Monaco on the other hand.

For the conduct of financial activities, Monaco credit institutions are licensed exclusively by the local financial regulator, i.e. the Financial Activities Control Commission (the “Commission de Contrôle des Activités Financières” or the “CCAF”).

Finally, please note that credit institutions – just as any other businesses concerned in Monaco – are supervised by (i) the Financial Security Monegasque Authority (the “Autorité Monégasque de Sécurité Financière” or “AMSF”) which has recently replaced the Financial Circuits Information and Control Department (the “Service d’Information et de Contrôle sur les Circuits Financiers” or the “SICCFIN”),  as far as compliance with AML/CFT requirements are concerned, and by (ii) the Personal Data Control Commission (the “Commission de Contrôle des Informations Nominatives” or the “CCIN”) as far as data protection issues are concerned.

A banking license must be requested for all activities falling within the scope of banking activities as defined under the French Monetary and Financial Code – whose provisions are applicable for the most part to Monaco credit institutions pursuant to the 2010 Exchange of Letters with France, as well as the Monetary Agreement entered into Monaco and European Union on 29 November 2011 (the “Monetary Agreement”).

The main banking activities are the receipt of repayable funds from the public, banking payment services and credit operations. Ancillary banking activities also cover foreign exchange operations, transactions related to gold or precious metals and coins, advice and assistance in asset management, leasing operations, the issuance and management of e-money, etc.

The ACPR is empowered to deliver three types of licenses in Monaco, depending on the activities to be performed:

• A “credit institution” license, according to which a Monegasque entity may grant credits and collect reimbursable funds from the public, issue electronic payment and offer payment services as well.
• An “electronic payment institution” license, according to which the Monegasque entity may offer electronic payment and payment services in Monaco.
• A “payment institution” license, according to which the Monegasque entity may offer payments services to customers in Monaco.

A full banking license (i.e., the “credit institution” type of license) allows to offer payment services to customers as well as the issuance of electronic payment money (i.e., e-money).

Monegasque banks, as credit institutions, are also authorized to perform ancillary activities, such as representation, commissioning, brokerage for subsidiaries, real estate management or service providing (if deriving from a banking activity) to the extent these activities do not represent more than 10% of its net banking annual income.

To date, in Monaco, no regulatory sandbox or light licensing has been implemented yet.

One should however note that requirements are lighter for a “payment institution” license than for a full banking license.

Law 1.528 dated 7 July 2022 regulates the activities of service providers on digital assets and crypto assets. This regulation is part of the Principality’s digital transition and of the Monaco Extended Program and aims to create a dynamic ecosystem around blockchain. The main purpose of this law is to regulate services on digital assets and on crypto-assets, with a licensing regime for providers who intend to offer this kind of activities in Monaco.

• A prior approval from the State Minister is required to operate the following activities in the Principality (among others): issuance of crypto assets, deposit or administration of crypto assets or access to crypto assets, operating of a negotiation platform of digital assets…
• A prior approval from the CCAF is required for certain crypto assets services: investments in crypto assets, execution of orders on crypto assets, reception-transmission of orders on crypto assets, advice on crypto assets.

The question of custody of crypto assets by local banks is not, at the time being, dealt with under the Monegasque legal framework.

This law is in addition to (and has amended) the existing legal framework for digital matters, in particular the law 1.491 of 23 June 2020 on token offerings.

The French Deposit Guarantee and Resolution Fund (the “Fonds de Garantie des Dépôts et de Résolution” or the “FGDR”) (to which local banks adhere) only covers products denominated in euro or in the official currency of another State. Cryptocurrencies are not covered by the deposit insurance and/or segregation of funds.

The question of custody of crypto assets by local banks is not, at the time being, dealt with under the Monegasque legal framework.

The application process requires submitting an application both to the ACPR and to the Monegasque government.

Pursuant to the ACPR’s application process, a meeting with the ACPR is settled in order to submit the global project consisting in establishing a new bank in Monaco. Thereafter, a formal application is to be submitted online with all the supporting documents.

The ACPR will deliver its license within six months of the receipt of the complete application file.

Previously or simultaneously, the petitioner must apply for a local authorization delivered by the Monegasque Minister of State. This authorization is necessary for the incorporation of a company or the establishment of a branch in Monaco, one of the preliminary requirements to perform banking activities in the Principality.

The Principality of Monaco is not a member of the European Economic Area, therefore the European principles of freedom of services and freedom of establishment are not applicable in Monaco.

Consequently, cross-border banking and financial activities are strictly prohibited in Monaco. Any foreign entity (from the European Union or not) intending to conduct banking activities or financial activities in Monaco must be licensed accordingly by the ACPR, the Monegasque Government and, if applicable, by the CCAF (for the conduct of financial activities).

However, regarding financial services, the law 1.529 of 29 July 2022 containing various economic and legal provisions has offered new opportunities to foreign companies that are not regulated in Monaco:

• solicited or unsolicited approaches performed on the Monegasque territory to offer financial services, instruments or products to persons domiciled in the Principality are authorized towards 1°) institutional investors; 2°) authorized companies; or 3°) clients of an authorized company when the procedures are carried out through its intermediary; and
• canvassing acts carried out remotely are authorized if the act is solicited by the Monegasque target (at its sole initiative), or if the target is already an existing client of the company.

There are two legal forms to operate as a bank in Monaco: either as (i) a Monegasque branch of a foreign banking institution duly licensed to conduct banking activities in Monaco; or as (ii) a Monegasque public limited company (“Société Anonyme Monégasque” or “SAM”) incorporated in Monaco. Both legal forms would require, in addition to the ACPR’s licensing (except for branches of French authorized credit institutions), a prior authorization of the Monegasque Government.

Monegasque banks are subject to equivalent requirements level than banks incorporated within the European Union.

Monegasque banks must mainly take sound corporate governance policies and implement a clear organization ensuring a well-defined, transparent and consistent division of responsibilities and aligned with the organization structure required under the Financial and Monetary Code. To this end, the general management of a bank is split into a supervision body (the Board) and an executive body (the executive directors).

On the one hand, the supervision body (being usually the Board) of the bank is responsible for conducting regular reviews of the governance, prudential and compensation policy requirements, assessing its effectiveness and ensuring that corrective measures are taken to remedy any shortcomings. In some banks reaching certain thresholds, additional requirements exist such as the implementation of specialized committees (Compensation Committee, Risks Committee and Nomination Committee) to supervise the general activity of the bank and support the management in its supervisory function.

On the other hand, the executive body is in charge of the bank’s daily management. It is composed of at least two individuals, appointed in consideration of their skills, experience and fitness to the functions.

Banks shall also draft and apply sound administrative and accounting procedures to monitor and manage various risks pertaining to the banking activities. To control the regular implementation of those procedures, Monegasque banks are required to maintain an adequate internal control framework.

Whatever the bank, the organizational and corporate governance’s requirements shall be in line with the activity and size of the banks (i.e. proportionality principle).

In Monaco, as in the European Union, banks’ remuneration policies are regulated.

Banks’ compensation policies shall be in line with the bank’s objective and long-term strategy and, particularly designed to promote a sound and effective management of the risk.

To this end, applicable legislation and regulation provide rules aiming at limiting, diversifying and/or deferring the payment of variable compensation for key risk takers. If, in general, remuneration policies are restricted, the level of restrictions would depend on the size, activity and group structure of each bank based upon a proportionality principle.

Monaco has indirectly implemented the BASEL III framework, as the provisions taken by France to transpose directive 2013/36/EU dated 23 June 2013 (“Directive CRD IV”) and directive 2019/878/EU dated 20 May 2019 (“Directive CRD V”) are applicable and enforceable against Monegasque banks in accordance with the Monetary Agreement. The regulatory capital requirements are consequently similar and at the same level than those in force within the European Union.

In accordance with the Monetary Agreement, the prudential quantitative requirements imposed to the European credit institutions in the framework of Basel III, are extended to the Monegasque’s entities. In this regard, the EU regulation n°575/2013 (“Regulation CRR”) requires compliance with a leverage ratio calculated as the measure of an institution’s own funds divided by the measure of the total exposure of that institution and must be expressed as a percentage. Since the amendment of this regulation on 20 May 2019 by regulation n°2019/876 (“Regulation CRR II“), the CRR Regulation now requires credit institutions to comply with a leverage ratio set at 3% of Common Equity Tier 1. This requirement is directly applicable to Monaco.

In accordance with Regulation CRR, local banks must maintain a liquidity coverage requirement (“LCR”) of 100% since 1 January 2018. These liquidity requirements are controlled on an ongoing basis by the ACPR.

As far as the net stable funding requirements (“NSFR”) is concerned, this ratio has been implemented in Monaco through Regulation CRR II applicable in Monaco in accordance with the Monetary Agreement. At any time, credit institutions are due to maintain a NSFR ratio of at least 100%.

Monegasque banks (either branches or incorporated legal entities) must publish annually their financial statement in the Official Journal of Monaco. An annual report containing information relating to the bank’s financial statement is also issued and communicated to the ACPR on an annual basis.

Pursuant to the Exchange of Letters between the Republic of France and the Principality of Monaco dated 6 April 2001, banks established in Monaco which are subsidiaries or branches of EU credit institutions can disclose to their EU mother company all information necessary for purposes of consolidated supervision. Such communication constitutes an exception to banking secrecy, to be interpreted restrictively. In this respect, the said information may also be provided to the supervisor on a consolidated basis for supervisory purposes only. However, this does not mean that the foreign authority has any power over the Monegasque branch or subsidiary that transmits its information.

In the event of the acquisition of the control over the management of a bank, or of at least one-tenth of the voting rights of the bank, the potential acquirer will need to obtain the prior authorization of the ACPR. For all other changes affecting the ownership of the bank, a simple notice to the ACPR will be necessary.

Please note that any modification to the ownership of a Monegasque bank licensed to conduct financial activities in Monaco shall require a prior authorization of the CCAF as well.

Any eligible owner of a bank shall meet several requirements that will be verified by the ACPR.

The main criteria examined by the ACPR are the following:

• The reputation of the potential acquirer;
• The reputation and the experience/skills of any person who, as a result of the projected acquisition, perform the effective direction of the bank;
• the reputation and the experience/skills of key functions such as internal control or compliance of the bank;
• The financial soundness of the potential acquirer;
• The ability of the potential acquirer to comply with prudential requirements, for example if the bank’s group has a structure that enables an effective supervision and the exchange of information between the competent authorities; and
• Possible reasonable grounds to suspect the existence of money laundering or terrorist financing in connection with the projected acquisition.

There are no specific restrictions on foreign shareholding in banks in Monaco.

Monegasque banking regulation is broadly identical to the European Union banking regulation, which has implemented a special regime for globally systemically important banks.

However, in Monaco, there is no Monegasque entity considered to be, individually, a globally systemically important bank. That being said, the level of regulatory requirements of each Monegasque bank (prudential requirements, corporate governance, remuneration policies, etc.) is driven by a proportionality principle and depends on the size, nature and complexity of the activity of each bank.

Banks in Monaco are under the supervision of the ACPR as far as banking activities are concerned, and as such, they can be subject to several measures and sanctions in case of violation of banking regulations.

The ACPR can impose an injunction or various corrective (such as a preventive recovery program) or precautionary measures for the bank to achieve compliance with its prudential obligations, or to restore or strengthen the bank’s financial or liquidity position, improve its management methods or ensure the suitability of its organization to its activities or development objectives.

When sanctions need to be taken, the ACPR can impose a warning, a reprimand, a restriction to the execution of certain transactions or business restriction, temporary suspension or dismissal of one or several members of the management, a partial or complete withdrawal of the banking license, etc.

Decisions of the ACPR are notified to the Monaco Government who is responsible for their enforcement in Monaco.

The ACPR is competent to launch and supervise resolution procedures against a Monaco bank, pursuant to French provisions transposing the EU Directive 2014/59/EU of 15 May 2014 (“BRRD”) and the EU Directive 2019/879 of 20 May 2019 (“BRRD II”).

The ACPR will launch a resolution procedure when (i) the situation (financial or else) of a bank is impaired or highly likely to be impaired in the nearly future, (ii) no remedy exists, and (iii) it is in the public interest to launch such a resolution procedure.

Resolution measures can in particular consist in modifying the administration or management of the bank or the capital structure or the activities of the bank (creation of a bridge institution, sale of business, split of activities, etc.) or affecting in priority losses to shareholders and subordinated creditors (bail-in measures).

Since the entry into force of the BRRD, the ACPR and Monegasque banks have set up resolution and recovery plans (at individual and group level) in order to anticipate the measures to be taken in the event of a bank failure.

Pursuant to an Exchange of Letters between the Republic of France and the Principality of Monaco dated November 2005, Monaco banks contribute to the FGDR.

The FGDR has been funded in order to indemnify clients whose cash deposits have become unavailable, under certain conditions and following a failure of their bank. Client’s cash deposits are consequently guaranteed by the FGDR up to 100,000 EUR per client. In addition, investors may also be indemnified with respect to securities deposits under certain conditions and up to 70,000 EUR per investor.

As described in question 24, resolution measures can be adopted against Monegasque banks under certain circumstances. Among these resolution measures, bail-in measures can be adopted in order to recapitalize the insolvent by affecting the losses in priority to shareholders and subordinated creditors and avoid bail-out measures taken by the State.

By principle, all liabilities are covered and be subject to the bail-in tool except the liabilities expressly provided in article L 613-55-1 of the French Monetary and Financial Code (in particular clients’ deposits up to 100,000 EUR and certain guaranteed financial liabilities).

The bail-in tool can, among other situation, be implemented in case of failure of a bank, which can be characterized by a breach of a prudential requirement such as the LCR, as soon as the bank infringe or is likely to infringe the requirements of its license.

Since 2016 and 2019, European banks are subject to the MREL and TLAC requirements, implemented to increase their loss absorption and recapitalization capacities, and thus facilitated if needed, the application of the bail-in tool. If the MREL requirement governed by the article L 143-44 of the French Monetary Code, is applicable to the Monegasque banks with respect to the Monetary Agreement, the TLAC requirement is for its part, non-applicable. Indeed, its implementation is only required for global systematically important banks (aka G-SIBs). As far as Monegasque banks are concerned, none of them are falling into this category. However, Monegasque banks belonging to a group classified as G-SIB could indirectly be subject to this ratio at the group level.

On a banking regulation perspective, the recent trends (2023) emphasize the ambition of the publics authorities to strengthen the schemes already established and to pursue the achievement of compliance with the banking regulatory international standards, particularly in the area of Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (“AML/CFT”).

Indeed, the Principality has taken measures to improve its AML/CFT legal framework and to increase its compliance with international standards. This has led to the adoption in 2023 and early 2024 of several laws amending the Law No. 1.362 of 3 August 2009, strengthening the obligations imposed on Monegasque entities and improving the overall effectiveness of the regime.

In addition, the development of sustainable investment and data protection remain important issues in the Principality. We have therefore observed an evolution in training on environmental, social, and governmental (ESG) matters, which is now included in the certification of Monegasque banks. With regard to data protection, a draft law is currently being studied and is expected to be voted on soon with a view to introducing rules equivalent to European Standard (i.e., to the GDPR) in the Principality.

The rise of the Fintech sector and cybersecurity risk could be considered as ongoing threats to the success of the financial sector in Monaco.

Besides, remote activities have also significantly increased cybersecurity risk for Monaco credit institutions, and it is now considered as a growing concern for risk departments of banks and one of the major risks to monitor.

Environmental risk is also a major issue to consider. Monegasque credit institutions are in this respect highly aware with ESG, and they already and proactively take these considerations into account in their activities.

In addition, the huge amount of work carried out by the Principality in the area of AML/CFT in 2023 demonstrates the responsiveness of the Monegasque authorities and their ability to adapt their legislation effectively and quickly to international challenges.

It should nevertheless be noted however, that despite these new challenges, Monegasque credit institutions have recently had the opportunity to demonstrate their high level of resilience. Indeed, faced with the Covid crisis and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Monegasque banks have maintained their activities while efficiently complying with their regulatory requirements. The financial sector in Monaco is in this regard strong and apprehend all new challenges as opportunities to improve further.