Aisling O'Gorman
Aisling is a Senior Associate in our Real Estate Department and holds a Bachelor Degree in Business and Law, University College Dublin.
William Fry LLP
Lawyers
Alicia Compton
Alicia Compton is a Partner in William Fry’s Employment & Pensions Department. She advises on employment matters with particular experience in advising on the employment aspects of corporate restructuring, the termination of employment and in relation to employment issues in the public sector. Alicia has written extensively on employment law and is the Practice and Procedure contributor to the Irish Employment Law Journal.
Andrew McIntyre
Andrew is Head of William Fry's US offices. He is a Corporate Partner specialising in cross border transactional mergers and acquisitions, primarily in the technology sector. He has extensive experience advising on acquisitions, disposals, joint ventures, corporate/tax restructurings, corporate finance, private equity and venture capital. He also leads the firm's Foreign Direct Investment focus on the West Coast of the US where he works with businesses establishing or expanding operations in Ireland. Andrew acts for a wide range of Irish and international corporations and venture capital firms in the technology, healthcare and infrastructure sectors
Barbara Kenny
Barbara is a Partner in William Fry’s Corporate Department. She specialises in Mergers & Acquisitions, reorganisations and fundraisings. Barbara has written shareholder's agreements and spoken extensively on the Companies Act 2014 and the implications of same for Irish companies.
Barry Conway
Barry is a Partner in William Fry’s Corporate Department. He specialises in M&A, IPO, corporate restructurings, corporate finance, securities laws, company law, corporate governance, shareholder agreements, and contractual issues (including agency and distribution agreements).
Brian Butterwick
Brian is a Partner in our Corporate / M&A Department, advising on a broad range of corporate matters, with extensive experience in public and private mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, IPOs and other capital markets transactions. In addition to transactional representations, Brian also advises clients on governance matters and ongoing regulatory compliance.
Brian O'Callaghan
Brian O’Callaghan is a Partner specialising in contentious and non-contentious Property. He has experience of advising on landlord and tenant disputes such as enforcement and interpretation of lease covenants, property related insolvency, disputes over joint venture agreements as well as sale and purchase disputes. He also has vast experience in property finance and property based lending, retail and office leasing for landlords and tenants and investment acquisitions and disposals.
Bryan Bourke
Bryan Bourke is a Consultant in William Fry's Corporate / M&A Department and a former Managing Partner of the firm. Bryan has extensive experience in corporate transactional work, having advised on some of the largest public and private M&A/takeover deals in Ireland in recent years. He also advises on joint ventures, fundraisings, restructurings and broader corporate governance issues.
Bryanna Ryan
Bryanna is a Partner in William Fry’s Projects & Construction Department. Bryanna has extensive experience in advising both domestic and international clients (including corporate clients, statutory bodies and local authorities) on: All types of construction and Engineering Projects (including the drafting and negotiation of bespoke form contracts and contracts based on Irish and International standard industry forms (e.g. RIAI, IEI, GCCC, JCT, NEC and FIDIC etc) Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects across all sectors Facilities Management (FM) / Operation & Maintenance (O&M) arrangements for asset maintenance under long-life Public Private Partnership projects Large Scale Infrastructure Development Complex Equipment Purchase Agreements Health and Safety in the context of Construction Building Control Legislation
Carol Eager
Carol Eager is a Partner in our Corporate Department. Carol's practice focuses on advising both public and private companies, investment houses and venture capital organisations on a range of corporate law issues, with a particular focus on mergers and acquisitions, corporate restructurings, private equity and venture capital investments and corporate governance. She is commercial and pragmatic and is the trusted advisor of a variety of Irish and international clients.
Catherine O'Flynn
Catherine is Head of William Fry’s Employment & Benefits Department. She advises on all contentious and non-contentious employment matters with a particular expertise in equality issues. Catherine also has significant experience advising clients in relation to confidentiality, restrictive covenants and severance related matters. Catherine has acted on behalf of a wide range of commercial clients and also regularly advises senior level executives.
Charleen O’Keefe
Charleen is a Partner in William Fry’s Litigation & Investigations Department and a member of its Life Sciences Group, specialising in intellectual property and regulatory law.
Charleen specialises in life sciences intellectual property litigation and advising clients in the life sciences sector on regulatory issues. She is a skilled commercial litigator, with extensive experience in complex, multi-jurisdictional patent and trade mark disputes. Her patent litigation experience ranges from medical devices to pharmaceuticals and biologics. In addition, Charleen has a particular interest in complex medical device product liability claims.
In the areas of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and medical devices, Charleen advises on every phase of a product’s life cycle from product development, clinical trials, data exclusivity, regulatory approval to commercialisation and product safety/recall/liability.
Claire Waterson
Claire Waterson is a Partner in William Fry’s Competition & Regulation Department advising on all aspects of Irish and EU competition law, including merger control, restrictive practices, State aids, public procurement and free movement. Claire specialises in sectoral regulation with a particular emphasis on telecommunications
Colette Brady
Colette is a Partner in our Litigation & Dispute Resolution Department and a member of our Life Sciences and Intellectual Property Groups specialising in intellectual property and regulatory law, dealing with both contentious and non-contentious matters.
Conor Linehan
Conor Linehan is Head of William Fry’s Environment & Planning Group. His work includes pollution control licensing, habitats and protected area controls, the legal aspects of waste management, contaminated land issues and planning and land-use controls. He has a particular interest in the legal and policy responses to the climate change problem, including the EU Emissions Trading Scheme.
Conor Treacy
Conor is a Partner in ourReal Estate Department with 10 years' experience in the Irish real estate market. Conor advises on a broad range of commercial real estate activities, including sales and purchases, lettings and property financings. Conor has extensive experience in the acquisition and disposal of commercial property and has acted for high profile developers and landlords advising on the structuring and pre-lets for new retail and mixed-use schemes.
Cormac Little SC
Cormac is a Partner and head of William Fry’s Competition & Regulation Department, specialising in EU and Irish competition, merger control and public procurement rules. He advises on the compatibility of business arrangements with EU and Irish competition laws and has represented clients in antitrust investigations by both the European Commission and the Irish Competition and Consumer Protection Commission and in proceedings before the European and Irish courts. Cormac has also secured Irish regulatory approval regarding many high-profile corporate transactions. He also advises both public bodies and disappointed bidders regarding challenges to contract decisions under public procurement rules. Cormac also has a broader regulatory focus. He advises clients on complying with anti-money laundering rules and on 'white-collar' crime issues. He has also been appointed as senior counsel by the cabinet.
David O'Shea
David is a Senior Associate in William Fry's Banking & Finance Department. He advises financial institutions, alternative lenders and borrowers on an extensive range of banking law matters. His practice includes acting on national and multi-jurisdictional finance transactions, including acquisition finance, leverage finance, development finance and real estate finance transactions. He has particular expertise in lending into Qualifying Investor Alternative Investment Funds (QIAIF) structures. David also advises on re-structuring, workouts and pre-enforcement strategies for lenders and agencies.
David Maughan
David is a Partner and Co-Head of the Banking & Finance Department and Head of Aviation & Asset Finance. He advises on financing transactions for many different classes of assets, particularly aircraft and on a variety of structures including debt and equity investments, operating and finance leases and securitisations.
David Cullen
David Cullen is a Partner in William Fry’s Technology Group, specialising in complex technology matters and the strategic protection and development of intellectual property. His extensive experience covers outsourcing, cloud computing, personality rights, data protection, biotechnology, and electronic commerce.
Deirdre O'Donovan
As a Consultant in the Litigation & Dispute Resolution Department, Deirdre advises a range of clients on all areas of commercial litigation, with particular expertise in shareholder and contractual disputes. Deirdre provides strategic advice and support to clients across a range of sectors including telecoms, healthcare and investment funds. She has recent experience in advising clients before statutory inquiries and inspections, as well as in relation to data protection issues. Deirdre also has extensive experience in alternative dispute resolution, particularly mediation, including in an international context.
Edward Spain
Edward is Head of William Fry’s Real Estate Department, specialising in all aspects of property law including acquisitions, disposals, mergers and property - based lending.
Eoin Caulfield
Eoin Caulfield is a a Partner and Co-Head of William Fry’s Insurance Department. He joined the Firm in 1995. His practice involves a combination of insurance and reinsurance work, both on the non-life and life side, together with a general corporate and financial services client base.
Fergus Devine
Fergus Devine is a Partner in the Projects & Construction Department and Head of William Fry's Energy & Natural Resources Group. Fergus advises local and international power, oil, gas and commodities companies on major projects, transactions and regulatory matters. He has particular expertise in advising new market participants, and those considering opportunities, in the energy sector in Ireland, including in relation to renewable energy and co-generation. Fergus also advises procuring authorities, bidders, financiers, contractors and operators in relation to PPPs in highly regulated sectors.
Fergus Doorly
Fergus Doorly is a Partner in William Fry’s Litigation & Dispute Resolution Department, specialising in commercial litigation and insolvency. He has experience in all aspects of commercial litigation, with a particular emphasis on shareholder disputes, contractual disputes and financial services disputes. His insolvency expertise is advising liquidators, receivers, and examiners of companies, as well as creditors, directors and shareholders of insolvent companies.
Fiona Barry
Fiona is a Partner in William Fry’s Litigation & Dispute Resolution Department and head of our Clinical Advisory Group and Defamation and Media Group. She has special expertise in the defence of medical negligence actions and the representation of medical practitioners in regulatory matters. Fiona also has vast experience of defamation, privacy, social media, product safety and reputation management. In the area of defamation she has unparalleled experience of both pre and post publication for the print and TV sectors. She also holds a qualification in arbitration and is a CEDR accredited mediator.
Garrett Breen
Garrett Breen is a Partner and Head of William Fry’s Litigation & Dispute Resolution Department, specializing in commercial and regulatory litigation as well as contentious intellectual property issues. He has extensive experience of the Commercial Division of the High Court and various Tribunals of Enquiry, and has prosecuted cases before the European Court of Justice. He has advised sector-specific regulators in Ireland and internationally. He also advises auditors and tax advisors on their statutory obligations and decision-making processes. Garrett has run many anti-counterfeiting campaigns for multinational brand holders. He also advises financial services firms who become subject to the Administrative Sanctions Procedures of the Central Bank.
Ian Devlin
Ian is a Partner and Head of Pensions in William Fry's Employment & Benefits team. Ian advises employers and pension scheme trustees on all areas of pension law and has extensive experience in advising on issues related to pension scheme funding, investment and restructuring.
Ivor Banim
Ivor is the Head of the London Office of William Fry. He is a Corporate Partner with significant transactional expertise in private equity, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and shareholder structuring matters, corporate reorganisations and venture capital/debt. Ivor has particular experience in advising technology clients.
James Phelan
James Phelan is a Partner in William Fry's Asset Management & Investment Funds Department, specialising in advising asset managers in relation to the establishment, regulation and ongoing management of a wide variety of investment funds in both the UCITS and alternative arenas. He has specialist experience in advising in relation to the establishment of both physical and synthetic ETFs and has also been involved in providing detailed guidance to fund directors in relation to corporate governance standards and the Central Bank of Ireland’s fitness and probity regime.
Jarleth Heneghan
Jarleth Heneghan is a Partner in Projects & Construction and Alternative Dispute Resolution. His practice is a mix of both contentious and non-contentious construction, projects and dispute resolution for State, international clients/intermediaries, developer, financial institutions, professional and contractor clients. Jarleth advises on Irish and international construction and engineering bespoke and standard form agreements (e.g. RIAI, IEI, GCCC, JCT, NEC and FIDIC etc). He also advises on procurement and PPP/PFI. Jarleth also advises on alternative dispute resolution matters, including conciliation, mediation, adjudication, arbitration construction insolvency issues and rescue financing.
Jason Hollis
Jason is a Partner in William Fry's Banking & Financial Services Department. He advises on all aspects of domestic and international finance transactions in the primary and secondary debt markets for a broad range of financial institutions, alternative lenders, corporates, funds and partnerships.
Jeffrey Greene
Jeffrey is a Partner in William Fry's Employment & Benefits Department and advises on all contentious and non-contentious employment law matters. He specialises in advising public and private sector organisations on the employment law aspects of corporate transactions, restructurings, and outsourcings, with a particular expertise in Transfer of Undertakings (TUPE) matters. He also advises clients on all aspects of employment, employment equality, and industrial relations law, and has acted for clients before all the Irish courts and employment law forums. He is heavily involved in the firm's FDI focus as well as with start-up companies.
John Larkin
John is Co-Head of William Fry’s Insurance Department. He advises insurance and reinsurance companies, as well as intermediaries, on all aspects of their business including M&A transactions, portfolio transfers, restructurings, contractual negotiations and regulatory matters. He also has extensive experience in helping insurance and reinsurance companies obtain authorisation from the Central Bank of Ireland and on passporting into other EEA markets.
John O'Connor
John is a Partner in William Fry’s Technology Group, the most experienced technology law team in the Irish market. He specialises in complex and large scale technology and outsourcing transactions including systems integration and implementation arrangements, licensing, IT and business process outsourcings and cloud services. John is also a specialist in the area of privacy, data protection and cyber security law and advises on general compliance, data transfers, hosting, issue management and best practice. He has gained particular experience of advising technology, life sciences and financial services organisations on major outsourcings and on ‘big data’ projects including the procurement and deployment of FinTech.
John Aherne
John is a Partner in William Fry's Asset Management & Investment Funds Department and the Financial Regulation Unit. He specialises in advising on regulated and unregulated fund structures including UCITS, ETFs, hedge funds, real estate, private equity and credit funds. He also advises on the full spectrum of regulatory issues impacting the asset management sector including: licensing, segregated mandates, governance requirements, outsourcing, acquiring transaction clearance, conduct of business issues, client assets and product governance and distribution. John was previously a London based senior lawyer with HSBC Global Asset Management advising on its European fund and managed account offerings and regulatory change projects.
Laura Scott
Laura Scott is a Partner in William Fry’s Litigation & Dispute Resolution Department specialising in intellectual property and regulatory law. Laura advises on all aspects of contentious work involving patents, trade marks, copyright, designs and confidential information and has extensive experience in large-scale litigation before the Irish Commercial Court, including complex multi-jurisdictional patent disputes. Laura also has significant experience in acting for regulators in defending judicial review actions, statutory appeals and other legal challenges. Laura has particular expertise in the pharmaceutical and medical device sector from a regulatory, commercial and intellectual property perspective. Other areas of focus include regulatory and other issues in the fields of telecommunications, broadcast media, and advertising and marketing.
Laura Murdock
Laura is a Partner in our Litigation & Dispute Resolution department specialising in white collar crime and regulatory litigation. She has extensive experience in complex multi-jurisdictional disputes with a particular focus on fraud and asset recovery. Laura also has significant experience representing regulators in defending judicial review actions, statutory appeals and in enforcement matters. In addition, Laura has represented clients before tribunals and commissions of inquiry.Laura is a member of the Womens White Collar Defense Association and regularly presents on litigation matters.
Leo Moore
Leo is a Partner in the William Fry Technology Group, specialising in information technology (including e-commerce), data protection, intellectual property and commercial law. As part of his practice Leo advises on IT and business process outsourcing, software licensing and development, Internet of Things, apps and smart technology, e-commerce, cloud computing, systems integration, FinTech, strategic legal due diligence and on sports related matters. A regular contributor of articles to publications, Leo has also participated in lecture programmes on data protection, commercial law and intellectual property. He is a lecturer on the Law Society’s Diploma Programme and its Professional Practice.
Liam McCabe
Liam McCabe is Head of William Fry’s Projects & Construction Department and Chairman of the Firm. He specialises in the negotiation of contracts based on Irish and international standard industry forms and on special purpose contracts in construction and engineering. He also advises clients on liability and insurance in the context of construction projects, and on statutory process issues, particularly planning.
Lisa McCarthy
Lisa McCarthy is a Partner in William Fry’s Commercial Property Department. Lisa practices in all aspects of property law with emphasis on commercial leasing, property acquisitions and disposals and property based lending. Lisa advises a number of high profile investors, developers and retailers.
Lyn Brennan
Lyn is a Partner in William Fry's Banking & Finance Department. Lyn has significant experience in advising global financial institutions, private equity firms and corporate clients on a range of domestic and international financial transactions, with particular expertise in leveraged finance, acquisition financing, financial restructuring and syndicated lending.
Máire O'Neill
Máire is a partner in William Fry's Corporate Department and specialises in transactional corporate work with a particular emphasis on venture capital and private equity transactions (acting for both companies and investors) and M&A transactions. Máire also advises on a wide range of general corporate matters, including corporate restructurings (solvent and insolvent) including domestic mergers and capital reductions.
Margaret Muldowney
Margaret Muldowney is a Consultant to the Clinical Advisory team within our Life Sciences division at William Fry, Margaret has advised healthcare clients including hospitals, doctors and nurses, on all aspects of their work for almost 30 years. She acts as lead legal advisor in the defence of clinical claims and fitness to practice inquiries.
Mark Talbot
Mark is a Partner in William Fry’s Corporate department specialising in public and private mergers and acquisitions and equity capital markets transactions, including IPOs, primary and secondary fundraisings and ESM/AIM admissions. Mark also advises clients on securities regulation under the Irish Market Abuse, Transparency and Prospectus regimes and on the Irish Takeover Rules and has experience of advising clients in relation to the Central Bank of Ireland’s administrative sanctions procedures.
Mark Quealy
Mark is a Partner in William Fry’s Corporate Department. His practice consists primarily of transactional corporate engagements, including mergers and acquisitions, private equity and venture capital investments (acting both for investors and for companies raising funding), and corporate restructurings. He also has experience in private equity fund establishment, equity capital markets, and general corporate and commercial law advisory work.
Mary Ward
Mary is a Partner in William Fry's Banking & Finance department with a particular emphasis on Aviation and Asset Finance. Mary advises on a broad range of banking and finance transactions with a particular focus on asset finance and structured finance. She also advises banks, funders, investors and corporates on all forms of investment and acquisition finance.
Maura Roe
Maura Roe is a Consultant in William Fry’s Employment & Pensions Department, specialising in employment law and employee share schemes. She advises domestic and international companies on general employment issues, including employment contracts, employee policies, termination of employment, post-termination restrictions, consultancy contracts, employment issues on business sales and outsourcings, employee share options and other incentives.
Myra Garrett
Myra is a Corporate Partner and former Managing Partner of the Firm. She has a broad corporate practice specialising in corporate finance, particularly mergers & acquisitions, public takeovers, IPOs, public/private fundraisings and corporate structuring. She emerged as a leader via heavy involvement in Nasdaq and Irish Stock Exchange work during the technology boom in the late 1990s and remains one of Ireland’s leading M&A and IPO lawyers. She also advises companies and intermediaries on corporate governance, stock exchange rules, market abuse, the Prospectus Regulations, the Takeover Rules and general compliance.
Owen O'Sullivan
Owen O'Sullivan is the Managing Partner of William Fry. He is a Partner in William Fry’s Litigation & Dispute Resolution Department. He specialises in commercial disputes, particularly shareholder and investment disputes, as well as disputes in the financial sector. He has been involved in many high profile property disputes and has product liability defence experience in the pharmaceutical, energy drink, motor and tobacco sectors.
Padraic Kinsella
Padraic is a Partner in William Fry's Banking & Finance Department. Padraic has extensive experience in acting for financial institutions, alternative lenders and borrowers in relation to syndicated lending, real estate finance (development and investment), acquisition finance, project finance, invoice discounting and receivables financing, lending to fund structures and general corporate and personal lending.
Patricia Taylor
Patricia Taylor is a Partner in William Fry’s Asset Management & Investment Funds Department. Her practice focuses on the establishment of Irish-domiciled investment funds of all kinds including "long only" funds, derivative funds, hedge funds and funds of hedge funds, multi-manager funds and exchange traded funds. She also advises the promoters of, and service providers to, investment funds including asset managers, fund administrators and trustees/custodians.
Paul Convery
Paul is a Partner in our Litigation & Dispute Resolution Department. He advises individuals and corporate clients involved in domestic and multi-jurisdictional contractual/tortious disputes and represents the Irish interests of a number of global corporations and Irish based entities. Paul has extensive experience of advising clients where issues arise involving financial litigation, which has included being lead advisor on behalf of two parties involved in separate Madoff related proceedings with an overall value in excess of USD$3.5bn.
Paul Murray
Paul Murray is a Partner in William Fry’s Asset Management & Investment Funds Department, specialising in the establishment and operation of all types of collective investment vehicles. Paul’s practice also encompasses asset securitisations, debt capital markets issuances, derivatives and other structured finance transactions. Paul advises on the establishment and restructuring of financial services firms and his clients include investment managers, credit institutions, brokers and other financial intermediaries / service providers.
Richard Breen
Richard Breen is a Partner in William Fry's Litigation & Dispute Resolution Department. He advises various institutional, national, multinational, State agencies and private clients in dispute resolution at mediations, arbitrations (domestic and international) and before the Commercial Court, High Court and Circuit Court and at statutory inquiries. His practice areas include:- product liability defence (pharma, tobacco, motor and computer manufacturers); commercial contract and shareholder disputes; property and construction disputes; equine disputes; landlord and tenant disputes; commercial rates and Valuation Tribunal appeals; and maritime/ship arrest.
Ruairi Rynn
Ruairi is a Partner in William Fry's Litigation & Dispute Resolution Department and Corporate Restructuring and Insolvency Group with expertise in commercial litigation, insolvency and corporate restructurings. He acts for parties in complex commercial litigation and, as part of his restructuring practice, frequently advises clients on large scale transactions and reorganisations that are implemented with the sanction of the Irish High Court. Ruairi's insolvency expertise includes advising the various stakeholders in insolvency scenarios including office holders (receivers, liquidators, examiners), directors, shareholders and creditors.
Sergey Dolomanov
Sergey is a Partner in our Asset Management & Investment Funds Department. Sergey specialises in the establishment and regulation of UCITS and alternative funds and has significant ETF experience. He regularly advises leading asset managers on the establishment of new product and has worked extensively on the establishment of physical and synthetic ETFs pursuing a wide variety of investment strategies including ESG and SRI strategies, thematic funds, factor-based investing and investment in mainland China. Sergey has advised on a number of major acquisitions of fund management businesses and consolidations of fund ranges. He also advises fund and management company directors on regulatory and corporate governance requirements.
Shane Kelleher
Shane Kelleher is a Partner in William Fry’s Financial Regulation Group and Corporate Department. He advises clients on all aspects of financial regulation including regulatory issues arising in mergers and acquisitions, acquisitions and disposals of qualifying holdings in regulated entities, authorisations and extension or surrender of authorisations, compliance with conduct of business requirements, fitness and probity, corporate governance, market abuse and transparency requirements. Shane advises regulated entities including credit institutions, MiFID investment firms, payment institutions, electronic money institutions, investment business firms, other financial institutions and investors in the financial services sector on compliance with regulatory standards and the impact of new regulatory developments at Irish and EU levels. He is a member of William Fry’s Regulatory Enforcement Group. Shane has considerable experience of working in general company and corporate law, mergers and acquisitions and banking and financial services law practices at William Fry and he brings the benefit of this varied practice base to his work for clients in his specialist area of financial regulation.
Sheila Tormey
Sheila is a Partner in William Fry’s Competition & Regulation Department. She advises on all aspects of EU, UK and Irish competition law including merger control, anti-competitive agreements and conduct by dominant firms. She has particular experience in merger control and in distribution, parallel imports, rebates and other pricing practices. In addition, she specialises in public procurement law and is an external supervisor for EU Public Procurement Law on the King’s College, London, LLM programme.
Sonya Manzor
Sonya is a Partner and Head of William Fry Tax Advisors. She advises both domestic and multi-national corporations across a range of sectors on Irish tax matters including corporate tax, VAT and stamp duty. She is a key member of the firm’s FDI group. Her extensive experience includes advising on inward investment, IP and international tax structuring, reorganisations, real estate transactions and mergers and acquisitions.
Stephen Keogh
Stephen is a Partner and Head of the Corporate department and specialises in transactional corporate work with a particular emphasis on private equity transactions, acting for both investors and companies. Stephen also advises on a range of general corporate matters, including corporate restructurings. Stephen was the head of William Fry's London office for 5 years, returning to Ireland in 2017.
Ted McGrath
Ted is a partner with William Fry Tax Advisors and head of the Financial Services Tax team. He has over 18 years experience providing tax advice to businesses operating in the financial services industry, with a particular focus on those in the investment management sector.
Vincent Coyne
Vincent is a Partner in William Fry's Asset Management & Investment Funds Department and advises a wide variety of clients on regulatory and structural issues associated with the establishment and management of investment funds in Ireland. He has significant experience in advising both Alternative Funds and UCITS (using both traditional and alternative strategies) as well as advising on the authorisation of UCITS and alternative investment fund managers (AIFMs).