By Alexandru Ambrozie, Partner
Popovici Niţu Stoica & Asociaţii and Luana Dragomirescu, Managing Associate Popovici Niţu Stoica &
Asociaţii

Maybe
one of the most talked about part of the Regulation 679/2016 (GDPR), the
significantly increased administrative fines are a central element in the new
enforcement regime introduced by the Regulation.

Although
the administrative fines will probably become the most powerful tool in the
hands of the supervisory authorities for addressing non-compliance, they should
be considered along with several other corrective measures, but also with the
right to an effective judicial remedy of the individual against a controller.

We
shall address below the most important aspects related to the right to a
judicial remedy and compensation, as well as the corrective measures that may
be imposed by the supervisory authority, with highlights on administrative
fines and general criteria for establishing the amount of such fines.

Right to a
Judicial Remedy and Right to Compensation

Each
data subject has the right to an effective judicial remedy against:

• the supervisory authority, in case the
  supervisory authority does not handle a complaint or does not inform the data
  subject within three months on the progress or outcome of the complaint lodged,
  as well as against a legally binding decision concerning the data subject;
• the
  controller or the processor, where he/she considers that his or her rights
  under the GDPR have been infringed as a result of the processing of his /her
  personal data.

An
express right to compensation is granted to the data subject for any material
or non-material damages suffered as a result of an infringement. There is no
ceiling set to the right to compensation or to the size of liability, decisions
that can be made against the controller, the processor or both.

The
controllers should keep in mind that they are jointly liable with their
processors and may be held liable for the entire damage, even if the fault
belongs to the processor.

In
order to mitigate this risk, the controllers should closely scrutinize the
activity of their processors.

Proceedings
against the controller and/or the processor may be brought before the courts
where the data subject has his/her habitual residence or at the headquarters of
the controller or processor.

Corrective
Measures

Supervisory
authorities will maintain prerogatives for monitoring and enforcing compliance
with applicable data protection rules. These shall include possibility to carry
out investigations, to notify the infringements and to obtain access to
information, as well as to the premises of the controller or processor,
including to the data processing equipment, and taking witness statements.

When
talking about corrective powers of the supervisory authority, these shall
include, notably, prerogatives such as: issuing warnings to controllers or
processors whose intended processing operations are likely to infringe
provisions of the GDPR; ordering the controller or processor to bring
processing operations into compliance, but also more drastic measures such:
imposing a temporary or definitive limitation including a ban on processing,
ordering the suspension of data flows to a recipient in a third country or to
an international organization, ordering the rectification or erasure of
personal data or restriction of processing, withdrawing a certification or
ordering the certification body to withdraw a certification and, at last but
not least, issuing a reprimand (in case of minor infringements or if the fine
likely to be imposed would constitute a disproportionate burden) and imposing
administrative fines.

Administrative
Fines

The
administrative fine may be imposed either instead of or in addition to any of
the above corrective measures, depending on the circumstances of each
individual case, and in addition to the rights of data subjects to seek
judicial remedy and compensations.

While
the supervisory authority has discretionary powers on determining the level of
the fine, the fine should be dissuasive
(to send the message that infringements are not acceptable), effective (in stopping the
infringement) and proportionate (to
the size of the organization, as well as the size of the effects).

The
criteria the supervisory authority is expected to use in the assessment both of
whether a fine should be imposed and of the amount of the fine, are, among
others:

• the nature, gravity, duration and
  consequences of the infringement;
• the negligent or intentional character of the
  infringement;
• the actions taken by the controller to prevent
  or mitigate the damage suffered by the data subjects;
• the degree of responsibility (such as the
  measures taken to ensure compliance with the obligations under the GDPR);
• any relevant previous infringements and
  compliance with previous measures ordered against the controller or processor;
• the manner in which the infringement became
  known to the supervisory authority and degree of cooperation with the
  supervisory authority, in order to remedy the infringement and mitigate the
  possible adverse effects;
• the categories of personal data affected by
  the infringement (sensitive categories of data will bring greater fines and
  corrective measures than standard data);
• adherence to a code of conduct or approved
  certification (compliance with international security standards such as ISO
  270001 may be considered to demonstrate that an organization is taking steps to
  implement appropriate measures under the GDPR), and
• any other aggravating or mitigating factor,
  such as financial benefits gained, or losses avoided, directly or indirectly,
  from the infringement.

You
may be noticing that there is a particular focus on organizational culture
towards data protection and being able to demonstrate compliance is almost as
important as being compliant.

In
light of this, all organizations need to be thinking about the extent to which
they are taking appropriate steps, sufficiently far in advance, to meet their
obligations under the GDPR. You do not want to find yourself having to explain,
while having had a breach, why you had not yet started on the road to the GDPR
compliance, as this may be clear evidence of negligence.

If
talking practical examples, one of the highest fines in EU was imposed in
connection with a stolen customer database, where the data was allegedly
accessed during an attack on three vulnerable webpages. Poor management,
failure to investigate and ensure that the most basic security measures were in
place, as well as the failure to prevent attacks on a smaller scale on previous
occasions (as part of the steps that the organization ought to have taken if it
was seeking to be responsible in dealing with personal data) were considered
aggravating factors retained by the supervisory authority.

The
GDPR identifies a wide range of breaches, including purely procedural infringements,
to which the administrative fines shall be applied. There are two tiers of
administrative fines.

The
lower tier of fines, which are up to 10
000 000 EUR, or in the case of an undertaking, up to 2 % of the total worldwide
annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher, apply
in case of:

• failure to obtain parental consent in case of
  services offered to a child;
• failure to comply with privacy by design and
  privacy by default principles;
• in case of joint controllers, failure to
  agree to their respective compliance obligations;
• failure to designate a representative in the
  EU for controllers or processors established outside EU;
• failure to comply with requirements for
  appointing and acting as data processor;
• failure to maintain adequate records of
  processing activities;
• failure to cooperate with the supervisory
  authority;
• failure to implement appropriate
  organizational and technical security measures;
• failure to notify data breaches;
• failure to carry out a data privacy impact assessment
  (or improperly carry out such assessment) or consult the supervisory authority
  when a processing would result in a high risk;
• failure to appoint a data privacy officer;
• infringement of the provisions of the code of
  conduct or failure to comply with certification requirements (where
  appropriate).

The
second/higher tier of fines up to 20 000
000 EUR, or in the case of an undertaking, up to 4 % of the total worldwide
annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher, will
be imposed for breaches of any of the principles going straight to the heart of
the GDPR:

• infringement of the basic principles for data
  processing: lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner, collected for
  specified, explicit and legitimate purposes, adequate, relevant and limited to
  what is necessary, accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date, retained
  only for as long as necessary and processed in an appropriate manner to
  maintain security (including sensitive data and conditions for consent);
• failure to comply with the data subjects’
  rights;
• failure to comply with the requirements for
  the transfer of data outside EEA;
• failure to comply with any national
  obligation;
• failure to comply with an order issued by the
  supervisory authority;
• failure to provide access to a supervisory
  authority.

Infringement
of GDPR different provisions may lead, among others, to an administrative fine
that may not exceed the amount specified for the most serious of the
infringements.

Set aside, a
single breach of GDPR can lead to multiple consequences for controllers and
processors so the best answer is to make sure that you are not negligent, to
make sure you have taken steps to mitigate damage suffered by data subjects, to
take into account appropriate technical and organizational measures and to
effectively deal with the GDPR.