On February 27, 2023, the National Assembly passed a bill containing a number of amendments to the Personal Information Protection Act (the Amended PIPA), Korea’s general data protection law.  The Amended PIPA, which represents the second step of the Korean government’s multi-step amendment process for the PIPA following the passage of the first amendment in 2020, is scheduled to go into effect 6 months from its promulgation date (which must take place within the next 15 days). However, certain provisions therein, including those relating to automated decision-making and the right to data portability, are scheduled to go into effect 12 months thereafter. 

The legislative purpose of the Amended PIPA is to facilitate the use of personal information while strengthening the protection of data subjects’ rights and ensuring compatibility and interoperability with the global regulatory regime in the advent of the digital economy.  Accordingly, the Amended PIPA contains some significant changes in terms of substance.

In a series of 3 newsletters, which will be circulated in short succession, we will take a closer look at some of the key provisions of the Amended PIPA as set out below.

In this second newsletter, we review some of the key provisions of the Amended PIPA relating to the processing of special categories of personal information.

The current PIPA only regulates ‘stationary’ visual information processing devices such as CCTVs.  In contrast, the Amended PIPA will introduce new provisions to regulate ‘mobile’ visual information processing devices (e.g., drones, autonomous vehicles) while revamping existing provisions on the regulation of stationary visual information processing devices as below.

Under the current PIPA, the use of mobile visual information processing devices to film or photograph data subjects in open spaces for business purposes is permitted when doing so pursuant to legal bases such as data subjects’ consent or the data controller’s legitimate interest.  The Amended PIPA will additionally permit the use of mobile visual information processing devices for such filming/photographing in cases where (i) data subjects have refrained from indicating their refusal thereof despite being clearly aware of such filming/photographing taking place as indicated by light, sound, or signboards and (ii) such filming/photographing is conducted only to a reasonable extent and is unlikely to unfairly infringe the rights of data subjects (Art. 25-2).

This new provision is noteworthy because it alleviates the difficulty of the filming/photographing party, under the current PIPA, of having to obtain opt-in consent from a large number of unspecified individuals or identify its legitimate interest when using mobile visual information processing devices to film/photograph their personal information.

However, there is some uncertainty as to whether it will be possible for data subjects, who do not wish to be filmed/photographed by such mobile visual information processing devices, to adequately express their refusal in accordance with this statutory mechanism.  Therefore, to obtain a greater level of clarity, it will be necessary to closely follow how the Personal Information Protection Committee (the PIPC) will interpret and enforce this provision in the future.

Under the current PIPA, the filming or photographing of data subjects using stationary visual information processing devices is only permitted when such devices are installed in open spaces for certain legally prescribed purposes such as facility safety, fire prevention, and traffic control.  The Amended PIPA will additionally permit the use of stationary visual information processing devices in open spaces for certain other purposes (to be specified by corresponding amendments to the Enforcement Decree of the PIPA) provided that no storage of the filmed/photographed personal information takes place.  However, regarding the aforementioned purposes related to facility safety, fire prevention, and traffic control, the Amended PIPA will additionally require that the stationary visual information processing devices be installed/operated only by “persons who are duly authorized” to conduct activity necessary to achieve such purposes(Art. 25(1)).

Under the Amended PIPA, data subjects will have the following rights in relation to automated decision making (Art. 37-2)[1]:

Upon the exercise of the aforementioned rights by a data subject the data controller will be required to, unless there is a justifiable reason not to, take necessary measures such as excluding the data subject from automated decision-making, re-processing his/her personal information with human involvement or providing an explanation thereon.  The data controller is also required to take certain other measures, such as disclosing the criteria and procedures for automated decision-making in a manner easily noticeable by data subjects.

Similar rights relating to automated decision-making have already been introduced in the GDPR and the Credit Information Use and Protection Act of Korea (the Credit Information Act).  However, the rights prescribed by the GDPR and the Credit Information Act differ in certain respects to those prescribed by the Amended PIPA.  Specifically, the GDPR only prescribes the data subject’s right to refuse/object to a decision and the right to express his/her point of view (Art. 22(3)) while the Credit Information Act only prescribes the data subject’s right to request an explanation, the right to submit information, and the right to object to a decision in certain cases (Art. 36-2(1), (2)).

The introduction of the aforementioned rights related to automated decision-making in the Amended PIPA can be seen as a meaningful measure to prevent the infringement of the rights data subjects at a time when data controllers are relying increasingly on automated decision-making due to rapid advances in artificial intelligence technology.

Under the Amended PIPA, the legal bases pursuant to which personal information may be transferred cross-border have been expanded to include the following (Art. 28-8);

Under the Amended PIPA, the PIPC will be newly authorized to order[3] data controllers to cease cross-border transfers of personal information in cases where: (i) such cross-border transfers are taking place or expected to take place in a manner that violates the PIPA; or (ii) the recipient, country, or international organization receiving the personal information is not adequately (vis-à-vis what is required under the PIPA) protecting personal information and data subjects are being harmed or likely to be harmed as a result (Art. 28-9).  A failure to comply with the PIPC’s order to cease the cross-border transfer of personal information may result in an administrative penalty of up to 3% of total sales revenue (less any sales revenue unrelated to the activity in violation of the PIPA) (Art. 64-2(vii), (viii)).

These latest amendments reflect and take into account the growing demand for cross-border transfers of personal information by expanding the legal bases for such transfers to take place.  Also, by granting authority to impose orders to cease cross-border transfers, the Amended PIPA will bestow upon the PIPC powers similar to those enjoyed by regulatory authorities under the GDPR (Art. 58(2)(j)).  It should be noted, however, that, unlike the GDPR, the Amended PIPA does not specify standard contractual clauses or binding corporate rules as legal bases for a cross-border transfer.  Accordingly, companies that are transferring personal information overseas from Korea will need to be mindful of these new rules governing cross-border transfers to avoid the risk of a cessation order or other sanctions from the PIPC.

If you have any questions regarding this article, please contact below:

Kwang Bae PARK ([email protected])

Jong soo (Jay) YOON ([email protected])

Hwan Kyoung KO ([email protected])

Sunghee CHE ([email protected])

Kyung Min SON ([email protected])

For more information, please visit our website: www.leeko.com

[1] Decisions made automatically and without human intervention after processing personal information entirely by automated systems, such as those using artificial intelligence technology (Art.4(vi)).

[2] Under the Amended PIPA, information on the ‘methods and procedures for refusing the transfer of personal information and the effects thereof’ must also be notified to data subjects when obtaining consent for cross-border transfers of personal information.

[3] Data controllers that have been ordered by the PIPC to cease the cross-border transfer of personal information as above will have an opportunity to file an objection within seven (7) days from the receipt of the order.