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Understanding the New Competition Law in the UAE

Introduction: The UAE has introduced a new competition law and abrogated the old competition law, federal law No. 4 of 2012. The new federal decree law No. 36 of 2023 on the regulation of competition sets forth competition practices and measures against commercial monopolies. By introducing new rules and regulations, as well as penalties that will prohibit practices that damage competition and establish regulatory support, this new competition law will help improve fairness, competition, and consumer protection. In accordance with Article 1 of the new competition law, it stipulates the important definitions, such as: Competition: Participating in economic activities within the market system without any adverse influence or restrictions that may be detrimental to consumer interests, development, or trade. The Relevant Market: A geographical area that refers to identical products or services that may satisfy specific consumer needs based on price, characteristics, and uses. Establishment: Any entity that is engaged in economic activity, irrespective of its legal structure, including its main office, branches, or associated individuals or groups. Agreements: Any written or verbal, explicit or implicit, partnership between two or more establishments. Dominant Position: An organization with the ability to control and influence activities in a relevant market. Scope of the new competition law: Article 3 of the new competition law applies to all businesses in the UAE, no matter what kind of legal structure they have. This includes individuals, groups of individuals, head offices, branches, and representative offices. Additionally, the utilization of intellectual property rights within or outside the UAE and economic activities that are conducted outside of the UAE influence competition within the UAE. Commercial agency laws also prohibit allowing agreements that are intended to divide markets or assign customers in a way that harms competition or makes it impossible for new companies to enter the market. In accordance with article 6 of the new competition law, businesses are prohibited from engaging in activities that abuse their dominant position. Article 7 states that businesses cannot exploit customers without alternative marketing or supply sources, discriminate between similar contracts, or apply pricing or resale conditions that force customers to avoid competitors or refuse common trading conditions without legal reason. Further, article 8 prohibits low-priced products from excluding a business. General price reductions under Federal Law No. (15) of 2020 on consumer protection, and the liquidation of commercial shops are exempt from these provisions. The council of ministers may reject offers or practices that are too low in price, depending on the state of the economy. Moreover, Articles 6 to 8 of the new competition law regulate fair competition through an extensive regulatory structure that targets abuse of monopoly status, unfair pricing conditions, discrimination, and excessive control over production. Administrative Penalties: According to Article 23, the council of ministers may decide on the administrative penalties to be imposed on businesses for violations. The following articles 24–29 specify the legal consequences for violators. The administrative penalties may be imposed up to AED 100,000 and fines ranging from 2% to 10% of total annual sales in the previous fiscal year. However, if it is impossible or difficult to calculate the total sales, the fine may be imposed at a minimum of AED 500,000 and a maximum of AED 5,000,000. Moreover, the court may order the business's closure for three to six months, and it may issue orders prohibiting or preventing actions until a final decision is taken. Procedure for Addressing Violations: In accordance with new competition law, a structured framework has been established for the purpose of addressing violations through specific and easily accessible procedures. The ministry or the concerned authority may allow the right to file complaints to interested parties. In specific circumstances, criminal proceedings may be initiated upon receipt of a written request from the minister. Additionally, within 15 working days of the notification date, there is an opportunity to file a written grievance, as well as the right to file an appeal in the event that the grievance is rejected. Conclusion: New competition law promotes economic freedom, prohibits anti-competitive agreements, monitors economic concentration to promote fair competition, prevents monopoly status, and safeguards consumer welfare.
05 February 2025

The 2025 E-Invoicing Rollout in the UAE

The UAE government has taken steps to move towards a fully digitized tax system by adopting E-Invoices. The E-invoicing process will be mandatory for all business to business (B2B) and business to government (B2G) transactions, regardless of the VAT registration status of the entities involved. E-Invoicing E-invoice means an electronic invoice that is generated in a particular format, and is directly linked to a central database. The invoice data will be issued and exchanged electronically between a supplier and buyer through an Accredited Service Provider. The UAE government is working towards implementing E-invoicing throughout the country with a view to digitize the invoicing systems and execute real time tax reporting to the UAE Federal Tax Authority (FTA). This process seeks to simplify, standardize and automate the exchange of invoices. Advantages of adopting E-invoicing The new process is predicted to decrease invoice processing costs by 66%, as seen in other countries that have adopted E invoicing correctly. Due to the validations and controls built within the automation system, this new process will reduce errors and deliver invoices at a much higher pace. This will ensure faster payments and better capital flow to the business. The new system will make it easier to analyse data regarding every aspect of invoicing, which can be used to study and improve flaws in the business plan. Government imposed E-invoicing process will push small businesses in the UAE to adopt and adapt to digitization. They will be able to gain access to the latest technologies, at an affordable price, enabling them to be at a level playing field with larger businesses. The submission of data in near real time with e-invoicing will simplify compliance. According to the Ministry of Finance, apart from the clear advantages of implementing E-Invoicing, the new process will minimize intentional and unintentional leakages in VAT submission which is an important revenue for the government and which has contributed towards key infrastructure developments in the country. Federal Decree-Law No. 16/2024 The UAE government amended certain provisions in Federal Decree-Law No. 8/2017 On Value Added Tax, through Federal Decree-Law No. 16/2024, to adapt to the future E-invoicing rollout. The amendment has altered the definition of tax invoice, tax credit note, and non-resident. Certain new words and definitions were added, such as E-Invoicing System, Electronic Invoice, and Electronic Tax Credit Note. As per the amendment, in addition to the "documentation" and "intention to pay" conditions, a new condition has been incorporated for the purpose of input VAT recovery. Here, the taxable person is required to retain the tax invoice in accordance with the e-invoicing system when it is required to be issued or is issued in electronic format. Additionally, the newly added articles 65 and 70 states that a taxable person who is subject to the e-invoicing system should issue an electronic tax invoice or an electronic tax credit note, as the case may be. The DCTCE E-Invoicing Model UAE has adopted a decentralized 5 corner E-invoicing model. The Decentralized Continuous Transaction Control and Exchange (DCTCE) model uses the Peppol AS4 protocol. Below is a step-by-step process in the E-Invoicing model involving a supplier, buyer, accredited service provider and the Federal Tax Authority: The Supplier (C1) sends the E-Invoice data to the Accredited Service Provider (C2). Unstructured invoice formats such as pdf, word document, images, scanned copies and emails are not e invoices. E-invoices must be in xml format. C2 validates the E-invoice data, and transmits it to the buyer’s accredited service provider (C3). If the invoice data is not in the standardized xml format, C2 converts the data into the said format before sending the same to C3. C3 sends an acknowledgment to C2 regarding the receipt of the invoice and transmits the E-invoice to the Buyer (C4). C2 reports the data in the invoice to the central data platform managed by the FTA (C5). C5 sends an acknowledgment to C2 regarding the receipt of the invoice data C2 forwards the acknowledgment by C5 and C3 to C1. The Ministry of Finance has updated all the information regarding the E-invoicing rollout planned for 2025, in its website, through a designated page. The E-Invoicing process will improve efficiency, transparency and accessibility, allowing UAE businesses to engage seamlessly with the data generated by the system.
05 February 2025

Cheque Bounce in 2025

Cheque In simple words, a cheque is an order to a bank to pay a particular sum of money from the account of the issuer of the cheque, written on a specifically printed form. The issuer of the cheque is called the drawer, while the person to whom the cheque is issued is the bearer. The bank that holds and transfers the money for the drawer is called the drawee. Federal Decree-Law No. 50/2022 Issuing the Commercial Transactions Law lays down various provisions regarding cheques. Article 514 of the law defines a cheque as a commercial paper with an order issued by the drawer to the drawee bank, to pay on the date fixed therein as the date of issuing a specific amount of money to a third person namely the beneficiary or to bearer. Even with the advent of payment technologies and various online payment options, cheques continue to be widely used in the UAE, especially in the real estate sector. They provide a secure way to transfer money between two people. Due to the large expatriate community in the region, securing future payments becomes a hassle, which is solved by issuing cheques that can be paid as and when the payment is due. Furthermore, strict legislations around cheques and cheque bounce cases contribute in making cheques a reliable way to transfer money. Bounced cheques can result in both civil and criminal proceedings against an individual. Essentials of a Cheque Article 627 of the commercial transaction law lays down various conditions required to issue a valid cheque. The word ‘cheque’ must be written on the cheque, in the same language in which the details of the cheque is written. The payment of money must be unconditional The cheque must contain the legal name of the person (drawer) issuing the cheque The cheque must contain the legal name of the entity (drawee) obliged to make the payment to the bearer of the cheque. The place where the payment is made must be mentioned on the cheque Date and place of execution of the cheque must be mentioned in the cheque The cheque must contain the signature of the executor of the cheque, and which must be identical to the standard signature on record with the bank Additionally, as per article 629 of the law, the bank must draw a cheque that has been issued and is due in the state. The cheque must contain the name and the account number of the account holder, i.e., the drawer of the cheque. The cheque must be encashed within 6 months of its issue, as per article 649 of the law. If the cheque contains all the above-mentioned information, it will be issued by the bank without any hassle, unless the bank account of the drawer does not hold sufficient funds, as agreed in the cheque, or the bank has been issued a protest by the drawer, also known as an order for stop payment. Dishonour of Cheque or Cheque Bounce When a bank refuses to cash a cheque due to insufficient funds, a stop payment order or due to a cheque not meeting the essentials mentioned above, the cheque is said to have bounced, or dishonored. Provisions governing cheque bounce cases have seen sweeping changes in the UAE in the past few years. Earlier, cheque bounce cases were treated as a grievous crime, and the drawer of the cheque faced possible jail time or fine. The older criminal provisions thus placed an undue burden on the UAE criminal justice system. The new laws have made significant changes in the treatment of cheque bounce cases. Cheque bounce cases can now be treated as civil or criminal cases, depending on the circumstances around the case. Article 630 of the Federal Decree-Law No. 50 of 2022 states that no cheque must be issued unless the drawer has sufficient funds in his account that can enable the honoring of the cheque, in accordance with the agreement made at the time of issuing the check. As per article 648 of the law, if the account holds funds less than what is prescribed in the cheque, the bank may pay the available funds to the bearer of the cheque, unless the bearer rejects it. The drawer may issue a protest, or a stop order, to the drawee bank only in cases of loss of cheque, or bankruptcy of the drawer, as per article 651. According to article 667 of the law, if a cheque is dishonoured as a result of insufficient funds in the bank account, the cheque will be considered an executive instrument, and the bearer has the right to execute the cheque by force, as per civil procedure laws. Civil recourse in Cheque Bounce Cases As per the new laws, cheque bounce cases in the UAE have evolved from a criminal offense to a civil matter with heightened financial penalties. Issuing a cheque with insufficient balance in the bank account does not automatically lead to criminal liability anymore. Instead of reporting to the police, in case of cheque bounce, one may now directly approach the court for an execution order for full payment, or the payment of the remaining amount, in cases where they have chosen to accept partial payment from the bank. This alternative ensures that the bearer of the cheque has a quicker way to recover funds. Criminal Penalties and Jail Time Cheque bounce will be considered a criminal offence in the following instances as per articles 673 to 684 of the Federal Decree-Law No. 50 of 2022: Lying about insufficiency of funds or leading to dishonour of cheques even though there are funds in the account, will lead to a fine of not less than 10% of the value of the cheque, with a minimum fine of AED 5000. Intentionally issuing a cheque with the knowledge that there is insufficient fund in the account leading to dishonour of cheque can lead to fines of not less than 10% of the value of the cheque, with a minimum of AED 1000. In case of repetition of the offence, the fine will be doubled. Instructing a bank to dishonour the cheque for fraudulent reasons, fraudulently closing the bank account or withdrawing the full balance before the presentment date, or intentionally causing the freezing of the account in any way will lead to imprisonment between 6 months to two years and/or fine of 10% of the cheque value, of a minimum of AED 5000. Repetition of the offence will cause the penalty to be doubled. Intentionally signing or executing the cheque in a way that will cause the rejection or the dishonour of the cheque will lead to imprisonment between 6 months to two years and/or fine of 10% of the cheque value, of a minimum fine of AED 5000. In case of repetition of the offence, the penalty will be doubled. Forging a cheque or tampering with the cheque to attribute it to a third party, knowingly executing such cheques, or knowingly accepting money issued as a result of such cheques will lead to a minimum imprisonment of one year, and a fine between AED 20,000 to AED 100,000. Similar punishment will be levied for committing any acts related to cheque forgery, such as importing, acquiring or selling equipment or software that is used in forgery crimes. fraudulently using or benefiting from a cheque that is drawn in the name of a third party or whose use is associated with a fraud will lead to a minimum imprisonment of one year, and a fine between AED 20,000 to AED 100,000. The news laws around cheque bounce cases represent a significant step towards streamlining the legal process and reducing the burden on the criminal justice system. These changes also help in swifter recovery of funds, wherein the issuer of the cheques can focus on the return of money, rather than the stringent criminal liabilities that they were subject to earlier. The aggravated fines will serve as a deterrent of the crime, thus ensuring a fairer outcome to all parties involved. It is always advisable to seek guidance from the best lawyers in Dubai to handle cheque bounce cases effectively and ensure compliance with UAE laws.
05 February 2025

New Regulations on Driving License and Vehicle Registration

Obtaining a driver’s license is a rite of passage for every individual. It is a symbol of coming of age for teenagers and young adults, as well as the first significant step that one takes after moving to a new country. The driver’s license issued by the UAE government allows an individual to drive in all the seven Emirates of the UAE, and serves as a document of proof showing that one has the knowledge of the traffic rules in the country and the competence to drive. New Regulations Governing Driver's License The recently passed Federal Decree Law No. 14 of 2024 on traffic regulation (“Law”) has made some significant changes on the provisions regulating driver’s license and vehicular licenses, including the minimum age for the application of the driver’s license. Conditions that Make one Eligible for As per Article 10 of the new Law, a person may apply for their driver’s license at the age of 17. Additional requirements for the application of driver’s license include completing the medical examination and the driving test conducted by the licensing authority. It is obligatory to carry a driver’s license in Dubai and subsequently submit the license to the authorized representative whenever requested for verification. It is the duty of a vehicle owner to ensure that his vehicle is not used by anyone who does not hold a valid driver’s license. Driving License for Visitors and Tourists UAE has approved a list of countries who driver’s licenses are considered acceptable and valid in the UAE during transit and visitation. One may also use the international driving license for the same purpose. Suspension of Liscense As per Article 12 of the law, a driver’s license may be suspended by the licensing authority in the following scenarios: If the license holder is found to lack the capacity or the medical fitness necessary to operate the vehicle or if the traffic control authority deems it necessary, the license may be suspended in accordance with the security and traffic safety regulations Learner's License Articles 14 and 15 laws down the laws related to learners and driving instructors. People who want to learn to drive must do so only after acquiring a learner’s license issued by the licensing authority. Similarly, to teach driving, one must hold a training permit and the specific license required to operate the specialized vehicle used for the purpose of training new drivers. The Law also specifies that new learners must not drive on public roads in populated areas. Driving schools must also be duly licensed by the prescribed authority. Vehicle Registration Requirements All vehicles that are intended to be driven on the roads, except military vehicles, vehicles owned by the rulers of the country, foreign transit vehicles and certain other designated vehicles, must be licensed and registered with the competent authority. Their license plate must be displayed in the manner prescribed by law. Additionally, the vehicles must be insured with a licensed insurance company. All vehicles must be in good technical condition, properly equipped, and compliant with the specifications provided by the state. In the event of selling a car, the transfer of ownership must also be notified and registered with the licensing authority. Vehicle Registration Requirements Article 26 states that any modifications to the vehicle must be done in compliance with the conditions and regulations set by the licensing authority. Prior approval and inspection of the authority is required before the use of modified vehicles. As per article 27, the licensing authority may recall a vehicle for re inspection. This may include a technical inspection of the vehicle. In case the inspection highlights deficiencies in the vehicle, the authority will outline the deficiencies and defects. The owner of the vehicle will be prohibited from using the vehicle until all the deficiencies are rectified and the vehicle is approved for use. If multiple inspections are necessary, the owner will be required to pay the inspection fee only once. Any grievance regarding the inspection results can be filed with the licensing authority within 10 days. Vehicle Repair After Accident According to article 28, car repair shops must not undertake repairs of any vehicle showing signs of accident or damage, without the vehicle repair permit issued by the traffic control authority. Vehicle Rental or Leasing As per article 29, renting or leasing vehicles must not be carried without obtaining a license from the competent authority. Before renting out a vehicle to an individual, the renting company must verify the validity of his driver’s license.
05 February 2025

REGULATIONS ON VIRTUAL ASSETS TO COUNTER PROLIFERATION FINANCING AND PREVENT MONEY LAUNDERING

The advent and rise of cryptocurrency have been a disruptor to the traditional currency system. Even outside the virtual aspect of the currency, the concept is novel due to its accessibility and the level of anonymity available to its users and the swiftness with which a large amount of money can be transferred to any part of the world. But this very aspect of cryptocurrency makes it a tool that can be used to commit illegal activities and transactions with considerable ease. Cryptocurrency is the most prevalent example of virtual assets, but it is merely one of the many virtual assets that are currently accessible to us. With swift growth and innovations in the digital world, one may witness other forms of virtual assets in the future. But for the purpose of this article, only virtual assets that is used for trading purposes, i.e., in the form of currencies, will be addressed here. Virtual Assets As per article 1 of Federal Decree-Law No. (20) of 2018 on Anti-Money Laundering (“AML”) and Combatting the Financing of Terrorism (“CFT”), virtual assets are defined as a digital representation of value that can be digitally traded or transferred and used for payment or investment purposes but does not include paper currency or other funds in digital form. As per the AML/CFT Law, virtual asset service providers (VASPs) are entities that conduct the following activities: Exchange of virtual assets with fiat currencies and vice versa Exchange between different forms of virtual assets. Transfer of virtual assets. Storage and operation of virtual assets and virtual assets platforms Financial services related to offer and sale of virtual assets Threats Associated with Virtual Assets Due to the accessibility and the anonymity that is provided by cryptocurrencies, they have been used widely for the purchase of illegal substances and services over the deep web, such as for the purchase of narcotic substances, weapons and even for human trafficking. It is also used in cybercrimes, ransomware attacks and all related criminal transactions. Even if one were to not engage in illicit activities, there may be other potential threats to virtual assets, including theft of the assets by hacking into the servers that hold the cryptocurrencies, and crypto scams wherein consumers are misled to buy currencies of artificially inflated value. Money laundering is another major criminal activity that is assisted by cryptocurrencies. The volatility of its value, accompanied by the technical complexity of the underlying blockchain infrastructure, makes it particularly easy to hide the origin of the currency. Licensing and regulating Vasps The UAE has been at the forefront in embracing and legislating laws to regulate the trade and use of cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets. The UAE's anti-money laundering and CFT (countering the finance of terrorism) framework is comprised of numerous regulatory and supervisory agencies including: the UAE Securities and Commodities Authority (“SCA”), which serves as the licensing and primary regulatory authority for VASPs at the Federal level and for the UAE’s Commercial Free Zones; the Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (“VARA”), which serves as the regulator of VASPs in Dubai; the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (“FSRA”), which regulates VASPs in the Abu Dhabi Global Market (“ADGM”); the Dubai Financial Services Authority (“DFSA”) which regulates VASPs in the Dubai International Financial Centre (“DIFC”) and the Central bank of UAE (“CBUAE”), which supervises Licensed Financial Institutions and Registered Hawala Providers, including in their capacity as financial service providers to VASPs and to non-VASP customers that may engage in virtual asset (“VA”) transactions. Mitigating Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Risks Article 8 of the Cabinet Resolution No. 111 of 2022 Regulating Virtual Assets and the Related Service Providers states that VASPs in the UAE must comply with all legislation in relation to money laundering and the financing of terrorism and illegal organisations. Article 5 of the law provides for the licensing and registration of all VASPs as per the competent law. As per article 4 of Federal Decree-Law No. 20 of 2018 On Combating Money Laundering Crimes, the Financing of Terrorism and the Financing of Unlawful Organisations (“ML/CF Law”), a legal person, including companies, will be responsible for crimes committed in its name or for its benefit intentionally, without affecting the individual criminal liability of the offender and the administrative punishments stipulated by law. Suspicious Transaction Reporting Under article 9 of Federal Decree-Law No. 20 of 2018, Virtual Asset Service Providers must report all Suspicious Transactions and related information to the independent “Financial Intelligence Unit” established by the Central Bank of UAE. These reports will be examined and sent to the competent government authorities. Articles 13 and 14 states that supervisory authorities appointed under this law will be authorized to assess the risks of VASPs, conduct inspections and supervisory operations, and impose administrative penalties on VASPs for violations of applicable laws and regulations. Furthermore, a national committee will be established under this law, to develop strategies, coordinate information and propose regulations to combat money laundering and terrorism financing activities. Severe penalties in the form of fines and imprisonment are laid out for people involved in such activities. Customer Due Dilligence As per Article 5 of Cabinet Decision No. 10/2019 on the Implementing Regulation of Federal Decree-Law No. 20/2018, VASPs and other financial institutions must conduct customer due diligence before entering into any business relation or before executing a financial transaction, as per the prescribed law. The law also states that VASPs must promptly apply any directives issued by the United Nations Security Council, in relation to targeted financial sanctions. Sanctioned accounts must be promptly frozen to ensure the discontinuation of further illegal transactions and their corresponding illicit activities. In conclusion, countering money laundering through virtual assets requires a multifaceted approach, with multiple segments working in coordination with each other. All the segments must be trained in understanding the threats imposed by the unregulated use of virtual assets, and the means to detect suspicious activities. Upon detection of any suspicious activity, organizations from various jurisdictions and sectors—private, public, and international—will be required to collaborate in order to identify, halt, and apprehend those accountable for the unlawful operations.
05 February 2025

Preventive Settlement and Restructuring Procedures Under the UAE Bankruptcy Laws

Running a business involves taking risks in order to continue to scale new grounds. Sometimes, these risks may not be successful, leading to debts. Even without risks, debts may be incurred as a result of not being able to generate profits due to the changing market trends. Thus, loss in business and falling into debts are a common and universal factor in the business world. Debts may exist throughout the course of running a business and are not necessarily a negative indication on the status of the business. However, one has a legal duty to discharge debts towards another. Neglected or ignored debt may eventually sink a business leading to insolvency and the legal liability of the debt will fall on the owners, directors and the shareholders of the business, depending on the legal structure of the business entity. Insolvency and Bankruptcy The terms insolvency and bankruptcy are often used interchangeably. Although related, the terms have distinct meanings. Insolvency refers to the financial state wherein a legal or a natural person is unable to discharge his debts. Bankruptcy refers to the particular legal procedure initiated by the person after becoming insolvent. Although Bankruptcy can follow insolvency, it is not the only available solution to an insolvent person. Bankrupcy Law In the UAE, insolvency of natural persons is regulated by Federal decree Law No. 19 of 2019 on Insolvency, while insolvency of non-natural persons, i.e., entities that acquire the status of legal persons and natural persons in the capacity of a trader is governed by the Federal Decree Law No. 51 of 2023 Promulgating the Financial Reorganisation and Bankruptcy Law, popularly known as the Bankruptcy law. Entities Outside the Purview of Bankrupcy Law The Federal Decree Law No. 51 of 2023 popularly referred to as the bankruptcy law of the UAE, governs the conditions under which a legal entity will obtain the status of insolvency and regulates the steps that are to be taken in such a scenario. However, the provisions of this law do not apply to the following: Companies wholly or partly owned by the government that have their own governing rules and regulations relating to preventive settlement, restructuring, or bankruptcy procedures Entities in freezones that have special rules relating to preventive settlement, restructuring, or bankruptcy procedures Banks, financial institutions and insurance companies licensed by the Central Bank Debts covered that are related to personal, family reasons, including the purchase of goods or services or the purchase of a property for his own residence or for his family. Bankruptcy Court Article 5 of the Bankruptcy law provides for setting up of Bankruptcy Courts in the UAE, that will handle bankruptcy proceedings in the country with the assistance of experts and auditors. The law also provides for the establishment of the Financial Reorganisation and Bankruptcy Unit that will deal with the administrative aspects of the Bankruptcy laws, including record keeping, approval of the roster of experts, coordination with the judicial authorities and the ministry, etc. As per article 8 of the law, decisions by the bankruptcy Court will be deemed to be a writ of execution enforceable immediately. Faced with the inability to repay the debts borrowed as a result of doing business, many choose to initiate bankruptcy proceedings. This process involves the settlement of all debts by liquidating the business and all its assets and distributing the liquidation proceeds to the creditors. Thus, this process involves halting the business completely and dissolving the entire business entity. To prevent the complete termination and liquidation of the business, debtors have certain legal avenues that they may utilize in the event of an insolvency. The bankruptcy law thus provides for Preventive Settlement and Restructuring Procedures, both aimed at supporting the continuation of the business while formulating a plan that will help in the settlement of debts. Preventive Settlement This procedure helps the debtor continue running his business or any commercial activity and simultaneously paying his debts. The procedure of preventive settlement is approved and supervised by the bankruptcy court. As per article 56 of the law, a debtor is eligible to initiate preventive settlements if he is unable to repay his current debts or anticipates the inability to repay debts in the future. Article 15 stipulates 60 days from the date of cessation of payment of debt, or from the date when the debtor acquired information indicating the inability to pay its debt, as the time within which the debtor may initiate proceedings. As per article 66, the preventive settlement proposal will include the following The debtor’s business plan and viability of business A list of the names of all creditors and debtors, their contact information, value of the debt and guarantees, if any Any terms and conditions for the settlement of any obligation Any guarantees by the debtor for the proper implementation of the proposal Any offer to purchase the debtors’ assets, in whole or in part, on the basis of an ongoing activity Any grace periods and payment discounts if available Details on whether the debt can be converted into shares or stock in the capital of any company or project If the holders of the secured debts agree, details on any guarantees that can be created, redeemed, consolidated, sold, or replaced Suggested period for payment of debt the extent of financing required by the debtor during this period The mechanism that will be implemented to update the creditors on the proposal Any other information that the debtor deems will be useful in implementing the preventive settlement proposal. A comparison on the rights that the creditors will obtain, with the implementation of the preventive settlement plan and without the implementation of the plan. Effect of Preventive Settlement As per article 58, once the decision to initiate preventive settlement has been issued by the bankruptcy court, the debtor may carry on his business activity as usual and in a way that does not harm the interests of the creditors, but he must not carry out any activities outside the scope of his normal business without obtaining the approval of the Court. Once the proceeding has been initiated, a claims moratorium will be imposed for 3 months and the court may extend this period one or more times provided that the period does not exceed 6 months. Preventive settlement process neither results in the maturity of debts against the debtor, nor does it indicate the suspension or cancellation of interests on the debts. However, the process allows the debtor to obtain bank loans and other types of financing, with or without guarantees, as per the directions of the court. Restructuring Procedures According to article 87, similar to the requirements under the preventive settlement procedures, a debtor is eligible to initiate restructuring procedures if he has stopped the repayment of debts, or if he is in a financial deficit which may result in the inability to pay his debts in the future. Article 15 specifies a period of 60 days from either the stoppage of debt payment or the date the debtor becomes aware of their incapacity to fulfill the debt, within which debtors apply to initiate the proceedings. Once the court approves the application to open a restructuring proposal, it will appoint a Trustee to oversee the process as per article 36. Article 108 lists out the requirements for the restructuring proposal, which is in line with the proposal requirements under article 66 pertaining to the preventive settlement process. Effect of Initiation of Restructuring Procedures As per article 89, after the initiation of the restructuring process, the debtor may continue its business activities and management of its assets, under the supervision of a trustee. The business must be carried out in a way that does not hamper the interests of its creditors, unless decided otherwise by the court. The appointed trustee can gather all necessary information or documents regarding the debtor’s debts, business, or assets and may monitor the latter’s financial operations. Furthermore, according to article 90, the bankruptcy court may decide that the trustee must take over the management of the business and issue an order accordingly, on the request of the trustee, one of the creditors, or the Financial Reorganisation and Bankruptcy Unit Article 92 states that initiation of the restructuring process will result in claims moratorium against the debtor in relation to the debtor’s assets and liabilities, from the day following the date of acceptance of the restructuring procedure until the date of ratification of the restructuring plan. The law does not provide any other restriction on this time period. The provisions regarding preventive settlement and restructuring procedures provide business entities a way to restructure its debts and formulate a business plan with an aim to repay its debts while also keeping the business alive. If the process is unsuccessful, bankruptcy proceedings will be initiated against the entity that will liquidate the business and settle the debts, to the extent of the entity's available assets.
05 February 2025

Facing Unrepaired Defects in Your Villa? Enforcing Your Rights Against the Contractor

Introduction: When investing in real estate, particularly in villa projects, purchasers often rely on developers and contractors to deliver homes free from defects.However, issues may arise where defects remain unresolved despite contractual obligations. In such cases, understanding the legal framework under Dubai Law No. 13/2008 on the Interim Real Estate Register in the Emirate of Dubai, and Federal Law No. 5/1985 on the Civil Transactions Law of the UAE, becomes crucial.
12 August 2024

Safeguarding Your Investment: Are You Aware of Key Risks and Red Flags in Dubai's Off-Plan Property Market?

Introduction: Investing in off-plan properties in Dubai presents an attractive opportunity for prospective homeowners and investors alike. However, navigating this market requires vigilance and awareness of potential risks to ensure a secure investment. Dubai Law No. 13/2008 on the Interim Real Estate Register establishes essential regulations to protect buyers and uphold standards in the off-plan property sector. Key Considerations for Investors: Under Article 3 of the Dubai Law No. 13/2008, all actions involving off-plan sold real estate units must be registered in the Interim Real Estate Register to validate any sale or property transfer. Non-registration can render any sale or property transfer actions void. Ensure that any off-plan property you consider is registered in the Interim Real Estate Register within the mandated 60-day period. Failure to register could risk the validity of the transaction. According to Article 4, the developers are prohibited from commencing project execution or off-plan sales without obtaining necessary land and approvals from competent authorities. The Department must note the project on the cadastre. Verify that developers have acquired the necessary land and approvals from Dubai's competent authorities before marketing or selling units off-plan. Further Article 5 outlines the application process for registering interim real estate units, requiring specific data and documents as per procedures set by the Dubai Land Department. Conduct thorough due diligence through government authorities like the Dubai Land Department or the Real Estate Regulatory Agency. Confirm the project's registration status, existence of an escrow account, and possession of all required permits. As per Article 7, the developers are restricted from charging fees for selling or reselling completed or off-plan units without approval, with approved administrative expenses exempt. Be careful of developers charging unauthorized fees for off-plan property transactions. Only approved administrative expenses should be levied, as regulated by the Land Department. According to Article 6, off-plan units registered in the Interim Real Estate Register can be legally sold, mortgaged, or subjected to other legal actions. Article 8 mandates that completed projects must be registered in the real estate register upon obtaining a completion certificate, with units registered in the purchaser's name upon fulfilment of contractual obligations. Article 12 stipulates that the area of a sold real estate unit is final upon delivery, with developers unable to demand additional payment for increases in area post-delivery but required to compensate purchasers if the area is smaller. Article 13 empowers the Director General of the Department to report and refer developers or brokers who violate the law to competent investigation authorities. Red Flags to Watch Out For: Unregistered Projects: Avoid investing in off-plan properties that have not been registered within the specified timeframe. Registration safeguards your ownership rights and ensures legal protection. Developer Defaults: Research the developer's reputation and track record. Instances of default on previous projects or financial instability could pose risks to your investment. Legal Non-Compliance: Any deviations from Dubai's regulatory framework, such as unauthorized fees or lack of proper approvals, should raise concerns about the project's legality. Incomplete Documentation: Inadequate or incomplete documentation from the developer regarding permits, approvals, or contractual terms should be thoroughly reviewed and clarified before proceeding. Size Inconsistencies: Be vigilant regarding the final area measurements of the property. Developers should adhere to agreed-upon sizes, with compensation required for any inconsistencies.  Conclusion: Investing in off-plan properties in Dubai offers promising returns, but it's essential to approach the process with caution and thorough research. By understanding and adhering to Dubai's legal framework outlined in Dubai Law No. 13/2008, investors can mitigate risks and secure their home or profitable investment property with confidence. Always seek professional advice and ensure all transactions comply with regulatory requirements to safeguard your interests in this dynamic real estate market.  
12 August 2024

What are the Fines and Penalties for the Hit and Run Cases in the UAE?

“Hit-and-run”, as the name suggests, is used to refer to those cases of motor vehicle accidents where, after causing the accident, the offender abandons the scene without informing the relevant authorities or taking the appropriate measures. A hit-and-run accident is considered to be much graver because generally the person causing the accident is required to pay for the damages that he may have caused, whether to a person or property, whereas in a hit-and-run, the person may just drive away due to fear of getting caught.
24 October 2023

LEARN MORE ABOUT FALSE REVIEWS IN ESTABLISHMENT THAT INVITES PENALTIES IN THE UAE

Companies, or brands, that offer services to the general public, can often become the subject of negative reviews from their customers, if their service has not been up to the mark. This is absolutely common, and people who are involved in this area of work know how to deal with such reviews from their clients. However, there may be instances where a person has just gone up and above with the review and really damaged the reputation of your business, when most of what he wrote was not even true. How do you deal with such a situation?
24 October 2023

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT COMMERCIAL AGENCIES IN THE UAE

Businesses looking for growth opportunities in the UAE often seek the help of commercial agents since these are local persons equipped with the relevant expertise of business operations and networking in the country. Therefore, as part of the continuous effort to increase international business in the UAE, the government has put forward a new law regulating the commercial agencies in the country.  The new Federal Commercial Agency Code has seemingly incorporated extensive reforms when compared to its predecessor.
24 October 2023

LEARN MORE ABOUT THE FINES AND PENALTIES FOR ARSON CASES IN THE UAE

Arson means the act of deliberately setting fire to property and thereby causing widespread damage, including danger to people and animals. Although the offence of arson typically involves buildings, it could include any property, such as motor vehicles, trees and plantation, workshops etc. Arson is considered to be a felony, meaning that it is a serious offence, and therefore the penalties that an arsonist, i.e. a person committing arson, may be subject to are harsh.
23 October 2023
Criminal

WHAT ARE THE PENALTIES FOR FORGING DRUG TESTS IN THE UAE?

Offences related to drugs in the UAE are governed by Federal Decree-Law No. 30 of 2021, On Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances, and are severely punished. The country has a zero-tolerance policy when it comes to the use or possession of drugs, which includes buying and selling of drugs unless done for medical or scientific purposes under supervision and regulations. Regardless, people, especially from foreign countries, tend to bring and use drugs in the UAE, unaware of the consequences. As a result, several people have faced fines and jail time, including deportation from the UAE, as punishments for being involved in drug-related cases.
27 April 2023
Family Law

Who will Be Granted Custody of the Children in A Case of Parental Neglect In the UAE?

Parents are made to be the natural custodian of a child upon his birth, and in cases where parents are not fit to take custody, it may be given to the close relatives of the child, or a person competent to be a custodian in the eyes of law. But there may be cases when those entrusted to take care of a child are themselves the perpetrators of neglect towards the child. The UAE laws are very strict when it comes to the protection of children, and have laid down penalties if it is found that a child has been subject to neglect by his custodian.
27 April 2023
Family Law

Non-Muslim Divorce Law in UAE: What You Need to Know?

February 1, 2023, marks the enforcement of a new personal law for non-Muslims in the UAE, namely, Federal Decree-Law No. 41 of 2022, on Civil Personal Status (Non-Muslim Personal Status Law). The federal law follows in the footsteps of Abu Dhabi’s Non-Muslim Personal Status Law which has proved to be efficient in dealing with personal matters of non-Muslim citizens and residents of Abu Dhabi. The federal personal status law seeks to cover the non-Muslim population of the entire country.
15 March 2023
Mediation

CHOOSING THE RIGHT MEDIATOR IN CONTRACTUAL DISPUTES

An emerging branch of the legal profession, Alternate Dispute Resolution has witnessed significant progress over the past few years. It is being used in almost all kinds of disputes, and has been developed into codified laws in a number of countries, including the UAE. As a centre of commercial growth, ADR in the UAE is not only a want but a need, so that disputes can be resolved in the easiest of ways possible. A common area where ADR is often used is that of contractual disputes. Since they are mostly of civil nature, ADR is the most convenient method to resolve them.
30 January 2023
Transport

What are the updates of traffic fines in the UAE?

If you are driving a car in the UAE, you must abide by the traffic rules at all times. The UAE law on traffic, Federal Law No. 21 of 1995 sets out the rights and obligations of the drivers, the traffic rules to be followed and other related matters. Violation of the traffic rules by the driver could lead to fines and other penalties, such as confiscation of the vehicle, accumulation of black points on the driving license, and suspension of the license amongst others.
12 January 2023
Family Law

What is Joint Custody of Children after Divorce in the UAE Law?

The personal status matters in the UAE are regulated by the Federal Law No. 28 of 2005 (UAE Personal Status Law), as amended and Federal Law No. 5 of 1985 on Civil Transactions Law, as amended. Additionally, Emirates of Abu Dhabi has issued a new law called the Abu Dhabi Law No. 14 of 2021, which mainly applies to non-Muslims based in Abu Dhabi. The UAE Personal Status Law continues to apply to Muslims in Abu Dhabi.
12 January 2023
Bribery

What is the Difference between a Bribe and Blackmailing?

Bribe and blackmail are two different concepts under criminal law. Bribe is generally understood to mean offering a gift or a benefit to another person who is in a position of power or who holds a public office, in exchange for a favor which may not be in line with his duties. On the other hand, blackmail may be understood as coercing a person to do certain acts by threatening adverse consequences if he does not commit such acts.
15 December 2022
Guardianship

What you need to know about guardianship in the UAE?

The personal status matters in the UAE are regulated by the Federal Law No. 28 of 2005 (UAE Personal Status Law), as amended and Federal Law No. 5 of 1985 on Civil Transactions Law, as amended. Additionally, Emirates of Abu Dhabi has issued a new law called the Abu Dhabi Law No. 14 of 2021, which mainly applies to non-Muslims based in Abu Dhabi. The UAE Personal Status Law continues to apply to Muslims in Abu Dhabi.
15 December 2022
Tax

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT DIRECT TAXATION OF BUSINESS IN THE UAE

The UAE has not imposed corporate taxes on profits of most corporations or other businesses historically. That said, the Government of UAE will be introducing corporate tax to be levied on businesses, effective for financial years starting on or after 1 June 2023. This new tax regime is being introduced to cement UAE’s position as the leading global hub for business and investment, and would be based on international best practices.
04 November 2022
Damages

Legal actions about emotional distress in the country

A victim or his family may suffer emotional or mental distress when a breach, violation is committed against the victim. Under the UAE law, monetary compensation, in the form of moral damages, may be sought to compensate for such mental distress or such non-financial loss, in addition to compensatory damages which may be claimed for the breach. For instance, in cases of road traffic accidents, it is common for the victim or victim’s family to seek moral damages for the mental anguish caused to the victim.
11 October 2022
Banking and finance

Explained: Is it legal to claim unclaimed account funds from international banks?

In the United Arab Emirates, there are rules which regulate the handling of dormant accounts and unclaimed balances. These regulations are called the Central Bank Circular No. 1 of 2020 (Bank Regulations), issued by the Central Bank of the UAE. The Bank Regulations have been issued in accordance with the Federal Decree Law No. 14 of 2018 Regarding the Central Bank & Organization of Financial Institutions and Activities. All banks which are licensed to carry out banking / financial activities in accordance with the applicable UAE banking laws, are required to comply with the provisions of the Bank Regulations.
04 October 2022
Crime

How to Avoid and Report Phishing Scams in the UAE?

Phishing scams are very common, especially with the internet being so readily accessible on mobile phones. Phishing is a scam under which a person is tricked through emails, text messages or even calls. The scam is often done with the intent to steal the personal information of the victim, including names, passwords, and credit card details. It could also lead to a virus or malware being installed on the device of the victim.;
07 September 2022
Food Safety

What are the Consequences and Fines for Food Hygiene Violations in the UAE?

Food safety and food hygiene are crucial in maintaining the security of food, especially food that is being imported into the UAE. The UAE has passed the Federal Law No. 10 of 2015 on Food Safety (Food Safety Law), which aims to ensure the safety and health of traded food. It also aims to protect the consumers from harmful, adulterated or deceptive food and their health by eliminating or decreasing the risks connected with food.
15 August 2022
Family Law

Explained: Expatriates Married in their Home Country get a Divorce in the UAE?

The UAE is home to around 8.84 million who belong to various nationalities and include amongst other South Asians, Europeans etc constituting approximately 89 per cent of the total population of the country. The term ‘family law’ in the UAE broadly refers to the Federal Law no. 28 of 2005 on ‘Personal Status’ and its amendments (the ‘Personal Status law’) that governs all aspects relating to the marriage, divorce, maintenance, child custody, succession and guardianship matters concerning both UAE nationals and residents(ex-pats). In Addition, the personal status law is guided by the Islamic principles of Sharia and its traditions.
15 August 2022
Criminal

Is cyber bullying treated as a criminal offense in the UAE?

With the advancement of technology, the drawbacks of the excessive use of the internet, such as cyber bullying, hacking, online frauds, etc. is also coming to light. Cyber bullying is commonly understood as targeting, harassing, or threatening others on the internet by sending negative, false or harmful text or messages, sharing images or content without permission. Cyber bullying is a very real threat and a danger to communities in today’s digital age.
20 July 2022
Criminal

How Do I Report False Accusations in a Court Case? – Part I

The United Arab Emirates criminalizes filing false complaints if the complainant knows that the crime has not been committed. The punishment could vary between a fine or a jail sentence and this depends on the discretion of the courts. To consider whether a case for false complaint is to be filed, it will be required to show that the complainant submitted the complaint and the complaint includes acts through which the victim could be made subject to penalty. Moreover, the victim will have to prove that the complaint is proven to be false and the complainant was sure that it was false at the time of filing the case.
20 July 2022
Crime

What You Need to Know About Civil Asset Recovery in the UAE?

Introduction The civil procedure in the UAE is governed by the Federal Law No 11 of 1992 (Civil Procedure Code) as amended, along with the Cabinet Decisions (including Cabinet Decisions 57 of 2018 and 33 of 2020), and resolutions, etc. issued from time to time. The Civil Procedure Code regulates the procedure for litigation in civil, commercial, administrative, labour and personal status matters. It also governs the procedure of appeals and execution of judgments.
26 May 2022
Crime

What are the Fines and Punishments for Stealing Vehicle Plate Numbers in the UAE?

Stealing a UAE plate number is a crime which may be punishable under the UAE laws. Stealing a number plate would fall under the definition of “theft” of the Federal Decree Law No 31 of 2021, more commonly known as the UAE Penal Code. The UAE Penal Code defines theft under Article 435 as: “A theft means the taking of property belonging to a person other than the criminal and it shall be subject to the provisions of the following Articles.” Punishments The punishment for theft varies depending upon the degree of crime committed. Typically, theft is punishable by jail sentence of at least six months or a fine. Having said that, Article 442 of the UAE Penal Code states that a theft committed in a means of transport is punishable with imprisonment of not less than one year. Article 441 also provides for imprisonment of up to seven years if theft is committed during night time and by a person carrying a weapon. If a person has committed robbery by coercion or threat to use a weapon with the purpose of either keeping, obtaining or running away with the stolen goods, he shall be punished with imprisonment ranging between three years to fifteen years under Article 438 of the UAE Penal Code. Any attempt to commit theft is punishable with half of the penalty prescribed for the full crime. Therefore, stealing a UAE plate is a serious offence and should not be taken lightly. Reduction of Sentence Given the varying degrees of punishment provided under the UAE Penal Code, the question arises whether the court has the right to reduce the sentence of a person who has committed theft? The answer to that is yes. If the court believes that either the circumstances of the crime or the criminal itself require mercy in a felony charge, then the penalty of temporary imprisonment could be mitigated to a jail sentence for a period of at least three months under Article 99/3. In case a mitigating excuse is established in a misdemeanor, where specific minimum limit is stated for the penalty, the court does not need to abide by such limit when assessing the penalty under Article 100. What does the Court Say? However, the above does not mean that the penalty could be converted into fine. This was held by the Federal Supreme Court in Case No 575 of 2020 in its hearing dated 7 September 2020, in which the accused had stolen a car which he subsequently sold. The court of first instance sentenced the accused to an imprisonment of two months. This penalty was amended by the appeals court to a fine. On appeal to the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Supreme Court noted that while the judge has the right to not adhere to the minimum penalty prescribed, provided a mitigating factor is established, it does not give the judge the freedom to assess the punishment according to what he deems appropriate and only impose a fine.
26 May 2022
Family law

Explained: Can you disinherit your spouse?

This question is often raised by couples who are planning a divorce and hence are concerned to protect their individual assets in a judicial separation proceeding. The questions involving family law are quite complex, especially due to the multitude of expat populations having residence in the country, which possibly invites the application of various national laws in a matter of judicial separation. The UAE is home to 8.84 million, which constitutes approximately 89 per cent of the total population of the country and belong to various nationalities and include amongst other South Asians, Europeans etc.
26 May 2022
Family law

Fundamentals of Juvenile Law in the UAE

The federal law number 3 of 2016 on child rights (also known as the 'Wadeema law' or 'UAE child protection law') was enacted in the UAE to ensure that all children in the UAE, irrespective of whether they are citizens, residents or tourists are accorded the right to life, education, protection from neglect as well as all forms of abuse whether physical, sexual, verbal, emotional or psychological. Pursuant to Article 3 of this Law, the rights of the children are protected without any discrimination as to the origin, sex, home country, religion, social status or disability of any child.
20 April 2022
Corporate and Commercial

What do you need to know about the limitation period in the UAE?

Limitation period refers to the time period within which a claim has to be submitted before the rightful forum or court. When a claim is submitted before the limitation period closes, the same will be accepted by the courts, and in the case of the latter, it will be subject to further rules and, in most cases, such a claim can be rejected for exceeding the time limit prescribed by law. The limitation period can, in this sense, be better understood as a technical rule of qualification for a claim. There are many reasons for this rule of practice; one such rule is to ensure that a claim is being submitted for adjudication within a reasonable time period. Lack of this rule can, in other words, create a chaotic litigation system that wouldn’t serve the purpose of reasonableness or justice.
20 April 2022
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

All You Need to Know About Litigation and Execution Procedures in The UAE

The United Arab Emirates comprises of the Seven Emirates: Dubai, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Um al Quwain and Ajman. In addition, the UAE also has several Free Zone entities across its seven Emirates, and each free zone is designed around one or more business industry categories, and an independent Free Zone Authority (FZA) governs each free zone. Today, the UAE offers close to forty multidisciplinary free zones that allow for full ownership of complies for ex-pats. The most popular names are the Jebel Ali Freezone (JAFZA), Dubai Airport Freezone (DAFZA), Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC), Sharjah Media City Free Zone (Shams), Ras Al Khaimah Economic Zone (RAKEZ) and Financial free zones such as Dubai International Free zone Centre (DIFC), and Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) among others.
20 April 2022
Family law

Learn More on Procedures of Divorce in the UAE

The term ‘family law’ in the UAE broadly refers to the Federal Law no. 28 of 2005 on ‘Personal Status’ and its amendments (‘Personal Status law’) which governs all aspects relating to the marriage, divorce, maintenance, child custody, succession and guardianship matters concerning both UAE nationals and residents. The personal status law is in turn guided by the Islamic principles of Sharia and its traditions. That said, expats in the UAE are also allowed to apply foreign law in the UAE courts, and with the latest amendment, the applicable foreign law would be the law of the country where the marriage was solemnized. The applicability of the foreign law is also subject to the provisions of the UAE Civil Code, and in general, the applicability can also be restricted on account of underlying conditions, such as its possible contradiction with the UAE laws.
13 April 2022
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

All You Need to Know About Litigation and Execution Procedures in The UAE

The United Arab Emirates comprises of the Seven Emirates: Dubai, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Um al Quwain and Ajman. In addition, the UAE also has several Free Zone entities across its seven Emirates, and each free zone is designed around one or more business industry categories, and an independent Free Zone Authority (FZA) governs each free zone. Today, the UAE offers close to forty multidisciplinary free zones that allow for full ownership of complies for ex-pats. The most popular names are the Jebel Ali Freezone (JAFZA), Dubai Airport Freezone (DAFZA), Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC), Sharjah Media City Free Zone (Shams), Ras Al Khaimah Economic Zone (RAKEZ) and Financial free zones such as Dubai International Free zone Centre (DIFC), and Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) among others.
13 April 2022
Tax & private client

Explained: Does corporate tax apply to freelancers?

‘Corporate Tax’ can better be understood as a form of direct tax levied on the net income or profit of a corporation or business entity. It is also commonly referred to as ‘business profit tax’ or ‘corporate income tax’. The United Arab Emirates has now introduced, for the first time, federal corporate tax in the country. Announcing the new tax regime, the ministry of finance (MOF) has released a set of key pointers that serve as guidelines for the applicability of the corporate tax, which would be enforced from 1 June 2023 onwards (‘UAE Corporate Tax’). The corporate tax law in itself is awaited to be issued.
28 March 2022
Family law

Under what conditions are divorces denied in the United Arab Emirates?

When dealing with divorce, you might have inadvertently come across various facets of what is commonly referred to as ‘family law’. The term ‘family law’ in the UAE broadly refers to the Federal Law no. 28 of 2005 on ‘Personal Status’ and its amendments (Personal Status law) that governs all aspects relating to the marriage, divorce, maintenance, child custody, succession and guardianship matters concerning both UAE nationals and residents. The personal status law is guided by the Islamic principles of Sharia and its traditions. That said, ex-pats in the UAE are also allowed to apply foreign law in the UAE courts, and with the latest amendment, the foreign law applicable in such instances would be the law of the country where the marriage was solemnized. The application of the foreign law is also subject to the provisions of the UAE Civil Code, and in general, the applicability is restricted to many underlying conditions.
23 March 2022
Data Protection

Learn more about the new personal data protection law in the UAE?

The United Arab Emirates has issued for the first time a federal law for the protection of personal data, namely the 'Federal Decree-Law no. 45/2021 on the Protection of personal data' ('Personal data protection law'). The provisions of the personal data protection law apply to the Processing of personal data in the UAE, whether done automatically through electronic systems or via other means. Apart from the newly introduced Law, there exists separate data protection laws applicable for the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), the Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) and for the Dubai Health care city respectively.
23 March 2022
Real Estate & Property

How can a tenant challenge the rent increase in the country?

The United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates, with each emirate being governed by its own ruler; this brings in the application of local laws along with federal laws. This is especially true when concerning property laws. For instance, in Dubai, the property matters are subject to the provisions of local laws, which determine the rent increase for real property in the emirate of Dubai. 
23 March 2022
Intellectual property

How to avoid legal actions on trademarks in the UAE?

The Trademarks law in the UAE provides a very comprehensive definition for a ‘trademark’, ‘A Trademark is everything that takes a distinctive shape of names, words, signatures, letters, Symbols, numbers, addresses, seals, Drawings, Pictures, Engravings, packaging, graphic elements, forms, colour or colours or a combination thereof, a sign or a group of signs, including three-dimensional marks, Hologram Marks, or any other mark used or intended to be used to distinguish the goods or services of a facility from the goods or services of other facilities, or to indicate the performance of a service, or to conduct monitoring or examination of goods or services. A distinctive sound or smell may be considered as a Trademark’’ (Article 2).
23 March 2022
Tax & private client

Explained: All you need to know about digital services for family disputes in the UAE

In a recent development, the Ras Al Khaimah Courts Department has launched a new electronic registration system for family cases. The new service can be accessed through the official electronic portal maintained by the Ras Al Khaimah government. The new system for electronic filing has been now introduced with the specific aims to simplify the entire process, making it more customer-friendly in order to achieve speedy submission of applications before the family guidance department. By launching the e-services, the customers can rely on the online process without the requirement to attend the court physically. This is a great boon and advancement to the traditional court procedures, and without doubt a welcome move for all. The reliance on online services will ensure that customers can take easy steps matching with the demands of daily life and avoid being bogged down by rigid court rules and procedures.
23 March 2022
Tax & private client

Explained: Does corporate tax apply to freelancers?

‘Corporate Tax’ can better be understood as a form of direct tax levied on the net income or profit of a corporation or business entity. It is also commonly referred to as ‘business profit tax’ or ‘corporate income tax’. The United Arab Emirates has now introduced, for the first time, federal corporate tax in the country. Announcing the new tax regime, the ministry of finance (MOF) has released a set of key pointers that serve as guidelines for the applicability of the corporate tax, which would be enforced from 1 June 2023 onwards (‘UAE Corporate Tax’). The corporate tax law in itself is awaited to be issued.
23 March 2022
Crime

What are the updates on penalties and jail time for money laundering offenders?

The United Arab Emirates remains committed to instituting anti-money laundering practices in the country and thereby imposing strict penalties to offenders in money laundering cases. The extent of the penalties being imposed generally includes imprisonment and fines equivalent to the misappropriated amount. In its recent verdicts, the UAE courts have set heavy penalties to the tune of even Dirhams Fifty Million in money laundering cases.
23 March 2022
Healthcare

What are the new updates in health protocols in the UAE?

Covid-19, the new strain of coronavirus has undoubtedly created a world epidemic, and its effects are still being grappled with globally. Pandemic outbreaks have occurred before on numerous occasions, and they have had a crippling effect on the world economy. However, never before the world has collectively experienced such a bottleneck effect on international trade and shipping. The underlying causes are numerous and include factory closures, supply shortage, transit and payment delays, to name a few. Many businesses have been pushed to the brink of bankruptcy in increasing numbers worldwide. The virus and its causes were relatively unknown before 2019, and two years down the lane, the world is still recovering from its effects.
23 March 2022
Employment

What are the legalities of hiring a domestic worker in the UAE?

Even though the domestic workers are not governed by the UAE labour law, there exists a distinct and special law to govern their employment. Namely, the Federal Law No. 10 of 2017 on domestic workers governs the recruitment and employment of domestic workers in the UAE. Pursuant to the said law, ‘domestic work’, is defined as ‘ the work performed by the worker to the employer or his family, in the workplace. This provides a very broad definition and thus encompasses within it meaning a variety of professions such as guards, nursemaid, gardeners, personal trainers, personal teachers, chefs, private nurse, housekeepers, personal drivers etc.
23 March 2022
Crime

What are the fines and punishments for forging Covid -19 PCR results in the UAE?

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the public authorities in the UAE have taken proactive and adequate measures to ensure the safety and wellbeing of its citizens, residents and visitors. The UAE currently leads the world nations in the number of Covid-19 vaccines administered, with 93% of its population being vaccinated and 82 % being fully vaccinated. This is a staggering achievement and combined with the Covid-19 protection measures, the country has successfully brought life close to normal, with residents being able to enjoy a more accessible and healthier environment compared to many other nations. 
23 March 2022
Tax & private client

What you need to know about corporate tax on business profits in the UAE starting June 1, 2023

The ministry of finance (MOF) of the United Arab Emirates has recently announced the introduction of a federal corporate tax in the UAE (the ‘UAE Corporate Tax’). ‘Corporate Tax’ can better be understood as a form of direct tax levied on the net income or profit of a corporation or business entity. It is commonly also referred to as ‘business profit tax’ or ‘corporate income tax’. The newly introduced UAE corporate tax will apply in the country starting from the financial year of Ist of June 2023. The corporate tax law in itself is awaited to be issued. However, the key inputs of the new corporate tax law as declared by the MOF will be detailed in this article.
22 February 2022
Crime

What are the punishments for minors caught drinking alcohol and illegal selling of alcohol in the UAE?

Before the new changes that were effected by the Federal Decree By Law No. 15 of 2020, it was illegal to consume alcohol without a valid permit. The permits were issued by the respective authorities in each emirate and were subject to the provisions of the law on alcoholic beverage control issued in 1972. Thus, pursuant to the said law it was illegal to import, export, manufacture, acquire, drink, supply, sell or offer alcoholic drinks to any person who does not possess a valid alcohol license, issued by the appropriate licensing authority on an emirate level. Violation of the said rules would have invited a penalty equivalent to six months imprisonment and a fine or five thousand dirhams.
22 February 2022
Crime

How to file a case for slander, and what are my legal options?

‘Slander’ and ‘Libel’ are said to occur when someone makes a false statement about you and which potentially damages your reputation. Let us first understand the difference between ‘Libel’ and ‘Slander’. Both are concerned with instances of defamation, however, from a legal point of view, they are very distinct. Though, both Libel and slander constitute defamatory statements, ‘libel’ constitutes a defamatory statement that is in a written form, while ‘slander’ constitutes a defamatory statement that is oral in nature.
22 February 2022
Tax & private client

What are the new updates for family court proceedings in the UAE?

Many groundbreaking legal changes have been introduced in the UAE in recent months. The new changes have been nothing short of revolutionary in terms of modernizing the existing rules and building a more flexible and expat-friendly environment. The decision to amend many of the strict Islamic laws and to modernize several elements of the family and personal laws aims to usher in multiculturalism and progressivism. 
22 February 2022
Healthcare

What are the regulations of healthcare professionals in the UAE?

The United Arab Emirates is a confederation of seven emirates namely Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah, Umm al-Quwain and Ras al-Khaimah. At the federal level the Federal Ministry of Health and Prevention (MOHAP) is responsible for the implementation of the federal government policies in healthcare and works in close collaboration with all health authorities at both federal and emirate level. At the emirate level, the emirates of Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Sharjah have their own health authorities namely, the Dubai Health Authority (DHA, for Dubai), the Department of Health (DOH, for Abu Dhabi) and the Sharjah Health Authority. The UAE ministry of health, is the federal authority responsible for licensing companies and medical service professionals or individuals involved in services in the healthcare industry, including the practices of nursing, dentistry, pharmaceutical, laboratories and medicine.
22 February 2022
Crime

What are the new laws for carrying sharp tools in the country?

The United Arab Emirates has recently introduced changes to its criminal law that now ban carrying of sharp objects or tools. Further, if the said tools or objects are being used in a crime, then the penalty applicable would be double in nature, i.e. the offender will receive a separate penalty for the crime in itself, and additional penalty for carrying the banned objects. The said law has been introduced with the view to ensure heightened form of security in the country.
22 February 2022
Corporate and Commercial

How can business law help in forming contracts?

The UAE has issued many critical changes in recent years in furtherance of its aim to establish itself as the leading business hub in the region, one that promotes a business-friendly environment. Aligning to this goal, the UAE has recently introduced new amendments to the commercial company's law ((Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 and its amendments), allowing for the first time in the history of the UAE, one hundred per cent ownership to foreign ex-pats. With the latest changes, complete foreign ownership is now allowed in mainland companies within certain industries, which was earlier allowed only with the appointment of either a local company or an individual as the local agent.
22 February 2022
Corporate and Commercial

What Are the New Laws for Donations & Charity Funds in The UAE?

The United Arab Emirates has revamped its laws relating to charitable donations and funds constitution. The new law, namely, the Federal Law No. 3 of 2021 concerning the Regulations of Fundraising and Donations (the ‘new law’), aims to regulate all charity funds and imposes restrictions and stricter control measures. For instance, the new law imposes fines ranging from Aed 200,000 to 500,000 for any person profiting or misappropriating the donations. In its applicability the proposed new regulatory law shall apply to any entity that wishes to collect or provide donations in the State, including the free zones (Article 2).
07 February 2022
Crime

What are the consequences of breaching a non-disclosure agreement between private entities in the UAE?

In simple terms, a non-disclosure agreement (commonly referred to as an ‘NDA’) constitutes a written agreement between two parties or entities, wherein one party prohibits the other from sharing any confidential information exchanged between them, or such prohibition can be mutually applicable to both the parties. In essence, thus, an NDA protects confidential information from being disclosed without the written confirmation of the proprietor or deemed proprietor of such confidential information. They are also known as ‘confidentiality agreements’, ‘proprietary information agreement’ or ‘secrecy’ or ‘non -disparagement agreements’, and constitute a crucial tool that allows companies, especially startups, to pitch their ideas to the people they are negotiating with without the fear of infringement. Any person or entity that breaches the terms of a signed NDA, will be subject to the penalties as imposed by the agreement or as within the purview of the applicable laws.
07 February 2022
Real Estate & Property

Construction Contract in the UAE: All You Need to Know

Of all the different types of intellectual property rights such as copyrights, trademarks, designs etc., no other intellectual property right signifies ‘innovations’ as ‘patents’ do. In fact, a patent signifies an exclusive right granted to an inventor by the government to the exclusion of all others (including the government) to profit by making, selling or issuing the patented invention for a definite period of time (usually twenty years). Thus, the patent rights in itself have been designed to encourage innovations culminating in useful inventions that prove unique and useful to the society at large.
07 February 2022
Transport

Bringing your pet to the UAE? Here are a few legal guidelines.

With the advent of the covid-19 epidemic, the world governments, including the United Arab Emirates, has taken a stricter approach to health and safety. Some of these measures include the introduction of new policies concerning the relocation of pets into the UAE. For instance, the UAE Ministry of Climate Change & Environment (MOCCAE) has added special requirements related to Covid-19 when it comes to bringing cats into the UAE. Wherein, the owners are required to submit a legal endorsement stating that “the pet has not been in contact with Covid-19 human or animal positive case within at least fourteen days before shipping or was isolated under our supervision for fourteen days before shipping without showing symptoms of respiratory illness, or has been tested with a negative PCR test within ninety-six hours prior to the international travel”.
07 February 2022
Employment

How is the gratuity calculated after leaving the job from Feb 2 onwards?

The United Arab Emirates has issued the new Federal Decree-Law No. 33/2021 on Regulation of Labor Relations (the “new labor law”), which repeals the long-held Federal Law number 8 of 1980. The new labor law has been implemented with the twin objectives of ensuring the efficiency of the UAE’s employment sector by retaining its allure in attracting and maintaining the best, competent and future skills driven workforce and thus providing an attractive business environment for employers in the country. The new labor law particularly also focuses on regulating the rights and obligations of both the employer and employees in a balanced manner and thus, introduces many key regulations and changes.
07 February 2022
Intellectual Property

How Do You Do a Patent Search in The UAE?

Of all the different types of intellectual property rights such as copyrights, trademarks, designs etc., no other intellectual property right signifies ‘innovations’ as ���patents’ do. In fact, a patent signifies an exclusive right granted to an inventor by the government to the exclusion of all others (including the government) to profit by making, selling or issuing the patented invention for a definite period of time (usually twenty years). Thus, the patent rights in itself have been designed to encourage innovations culminating in useful inventions that prove unique and useful to the society at large.
07 February 2022
TMT (Technology, Media & Telecoms)

All You Need to Know About Law Updates On Using Drones in The UAE

The Ministry of Interior (MOI) of the United Arab Emirates has recently introduced a complete ban on the use of drones and light sports aircraft in the UAE. The ban applies to owners, practitioners as well enthusiasts of drones and applies to both air and sailing spots. The new rules have been introduced in coordination with the General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA), which is the federal regulatory authority responsible for civil aviation in the UAE including observing of the safety regulations.
07 February 2022
Real Estate & Property

What are the Updates on Real Estate Acquisitions and Leases in the UAE?

The years 2019 – 2020 saw the real estate market being impacted across the world due to the negative impact of Covid-19. Similar effects were seen on the UAE commercial real estate market as well, impacting both the commercial real estate acquisitions and tenancy transfers. Following the pandemic, there was an immediate decrease in the demand for retail office spaces, as well as residential real estate. However, moving into the following years, we have seen a strong reversal of this trend.
24 January 2022
Corporate and Commercial

What are the new changes in bounce cheque in the UAE effective 2022?

The United Arab Emirates has enacted the federal degree number 14 of 2020 which has amended and added new articles to the UAE commercial transaction law no. 18 of 1993. The new changes will be in force from January 2022 onwards and impose new rules governing commercial cheques in the UAE. One of the significant changes being made concerns the limited scope of criminalization in instances of returned cheques on account of insufficient funds. The instances in which criminality will still apply are the instances wherein bad faith exists on account of the issuer of the cheque or other specific criminal actions as included in the new changes.
24 January 2022
Tax & private client

How Can a Man Get Away from Alimony to an Unemployed Wife?

A divorce process can often be a very unsettling time for the people; however, it is important to understand that financial rights concerning ‘alimony’ and ‘child support’ are very crucial factors that have far-reaching implications. In legal terms, ‘alimony’ refers to the legal obligation of a person to provide financial support to his or her spouse in the instance of a marital separation as per the applicable family law.
24 January 2022
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

How is international arbitration implemented in the UAE during the new normal?

The number of arbitration cases being registered in the United Arab Emirates has been steadily increasing in recent years. This is especially so for Dubai in terms of commercial litigation, with arbitration being included as a standard clause for dispute resolution, whether relating to real estate matters, construction or commercial contracts. The year 2021 has seen critical changes in the arbitration sector with a new decree anointing the ‘Dubai International Arbitration Centre’ (DIAC) as a sole arbitral chamber in the emirate, which now essentially abolishes the Dubai International Financial Centre-London Court of International Arbitration (DIFC-LCIA). The said decree is in effect from September 2021 and establishes the Dubai International Arbitration Centre to act as the sole dispute-resolution seat in the emirate of Dubai.
10 January 2022
Crime

New updates on cybercrime law in the UAE - taking photos without consent

A recent reminder was issued by the UAE Federal Public Prosecution reminding citizens, residents and visitors in the United Arab Emirates on the country’s strict privacy laws. The United Arab Emirates has a very proactive and comprehensive cybersecurity strategy and has developed a strong cybersecurity infrastructure. Cybercrimes in UAE are regulated under Federal degree law number 5 of 2012, and its amendments are commonly referred to as the ‘UAE Cybercrime law’.
10 January 2022
Real Estate & Property

Your guide in buying a property in the UAE as expats

Expatriates make up for a total of ninety per cent of the population of the United Arab Emirates, with the higher percentage of people living in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. This, in turn, results in ex-pats wanting to invest in the real estate market in the UAE, whether as an investment opportunity or for the option of renting. For investors, the real estate market of the UAE poses a great charm and delivers with great returns on investments.
05 January 2022
Crime

What you need to know? Theft Punishments & Fines in the UAE

Theft is said to occur when the intentional misappropriation of property happens. Theft is thus commonly defined as “the action or crime of stealing, in which a person intentionally takes personal property of another without permission or consent and with the intent to convert it to the taker's use”. ‘Theft’ under the UAE laws is governed pursuant to the provisions of the Federal Law No. 3 of 1987 promulgating the penal code and its amendments (‘UAE penal code’). Pursuant to articles 399 and 405 of the UAE penal code, the crime of theft is said to occur when intentional misappropriation of property happens with the intention to own property.
05 January 2022
Employment

UAE: Changes in the Workweek as per the Law

The United Arab Emirates recently introduced the Federal Decree-Law no. 33 of 2021 on the ‘regulations of labour relations’, which would be in effect from 2nd February 2022 (“new decree law”). The new decree-law aims to bring about more efficiency in the labour functions in the UAE. The rules have been specially formulated to strike a balance between attracting and retention of the best talents and skills, as well as providing an attractive business environment for employers. Thus, to empower both the parties and to ensure heightened participation in pursuing the national development goals.
05 January 2022
Family law

Explained: Prenuptial agreement in the UAE

Prenuptial agreements are a common practice today, with more people choosing this legal method increasingly. There are two ways to go about it; one is a ‘Prenuptial Agreement’ and the other a ‘Postnuptial Agreement’. Wherein, the prenuptial agreement is entered into prior to the marriage and the postnuptial agreement after the marriage, and both aim to have a binding agreement in place for the protection of assets in the event of a future divorce.
05 January 2022
Corporate and Commercial

What you need to know about the new updates on business law in the UAE?

Many recent changes have been made to build a flexible business environment in furtherance to the vision of the United Arab Emirates to make the country the leading business hub in the region, one that establishes a business-friendly environment. Aligning to this goal, the UAE has made changes to the commercial company's law ((Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 and its amendments), allowing for the first time in the history of the UAE, one hundred per cent ownership to foreign ex-pats. With the latest changes, complete foreign ownership is allowed in mainland companies within certain industries, which was earlier allowed only with the appointment of either a local company or an individual as the local agent.
13 December 2021
Crime

Procedures on filing a sexual crime case in the UAE and its punishment

What constitutes rape: The crime of rape can be defined as “unlawful sexual activity, most often involving sexual intercourse, against the will of the victim through force or the threat of force or with an individual who is incapable of giving legal consent because of minor status, mental illness, mental deficiency, intoxication, unconsciousness, or deception. “Rape” under the UAE laws is governed according to the provisions of the Federal Law No. 3 of 1987 promulgating the penal code and its amendments (‘UAE penal code’). Pursuant to articles 354- 357 of the UAE penal code, define and govern the applicable provisions for the crime of rape.
13 December 2021
Intellectual Property

Intellectual property in the UAE: What are your rights and offences for violators?

Intellectual property rights have always played an inherent role in breakthrough discovery in various fields. The commercial and moral rights provided under the IP regime, whether towards monetization of the IP or to declare the ownership in the said innovation has allowed a fine balance to exist in the society that benefits both the creators and the society at large. IP rights comprise of various kinds of rights such as ‘Patents’, ‘Trademarks’, ‘Copyrights’, ‘Designs’ etc. Registration of intellectual property rights allows the creators or owners of the IP to be able to monetize the rights. Consumers, on the other hand, can ensure that they are purchasing safe and guaranteed products.
13 December 2021
Crime

What you should know about the new drugs law in the UAE

The UAE has longstanding laws in place governing the use, production and distribution of Narcotics and Psychotropic substances, designed to protect individuals, companies, and society at large, and to prosecute those who act in contradiction to its mandates.  Overall, the most recent decree number 30 of 2021 institutes key new amendments to the Federal law number 14 of 1994 on narcotic and psychotropic drugs to strengthen that resolve, while also adding provisions and advisory bodies to support treatment, monitor and regulate. 
07 December 2021
Family law

What are the changes in law proposed to allow divorce by mutual agreement to make it more convenient?

In the recent changes, a new decree-law on Personal status for non-Muslims in the emirate of Abu Dhabi has been enacted (hereinafter “New Decree”). The new Decree amends the previous practices applicable to the divorce of non-Muslims and allows the concept of unilateral divorce for the first time. The new Decree thus aims to provide more innovative solutions that will allow non- Muslims residing in the emirate of Abu Dhabi to solve family disputes in a flexible manner.
07 December 2021
Corporate and Commercial

What are the privileges of internal investigations in the UAE?

Senior administration, HR team, and consistence faculty of all enterprises and in a wide industry are approached against consistently with proof or charges of potential bad behavior at their organizations. These situations may extend from warning from the government for examination concerning claims of infringement of any government law by the partners or senior executives to a routine internal complaints of infringement of the worker policy or any other policies or rules established by the organization.
07 December 2021
Crime

What are the punishments for forging documents to apply for a bank loan?

What constitutes forgery:  'Forgery' refers to the action of forging or producing a copy of a document, signature, banknote, or work of art etc. An act of forgery can lead to charges of fraud and or misrepresentation in the UAE. Article 216 of the Federal Law number Federal Law No. 3 of its 1987 concerning the penal code ("UAE Penal Code") defines as 'The forgery of a written instrument is to alter its reality in one of the manners described hereinbelow, so as to cause prejudice, with the intention of substituting the false for the genuine instrument." 
07 December 2021
Crime

How will the new zero-tolerance drunk driving law affect your car insurance?

You might have come across the recent changes in the UAE federal laws that has relaxed the previous rules which imposed strict license requirements for the purchase of alcohol in the region. Albeit such rules have now been removed, however, the UAE still follows and applies zero tolerance when it comes to alcohol consumption while driving.  This essentially means that, there is not concept of minimum blood alcohol limit in the UAE, meaning that there is a zero-tolerance policy and thus, despite the level of blood alcohol a person may have while driving he can be liable for a fine and jail term.
07 December 2021
Crime

What are the charges of trafficking and promoting narcotics substances in the UAE?

All citizens, residents and tourists to the United Arab Emirates must be aware of the non-tolerance for drugs in the region. The UAE has a strict drug policy and laws in place which enforce ‘zero tolerance’ for drugs. The Federal Law no. 14 of 1995 on the countermeasures against narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (‘Narcotics Law’) criminalizes the procurement, import, export, manufacture, extraction, separation, production, possession, acquisition and abuse of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as well as all the other types of activities and acts in connection therewith (Article 7).
07 December 2021
Real Estate & Property

Learn More: Rental Contract Updates in the UAE

The tenancy laws in the emirate of Dubai are subject to the rules and regulations of the Real Estate Regulatory Agency (RERA), which constitutes the regulatory arm of the Dubai Land Department (DLD). Speaking of tenancy laws in the UAE, one would often come across tenancy terms such as ‘EJARI’. EJARI is an online program developed by RERA for recording tenancy contracts for all property types in Dubai, i.e. both commercial and residential properties. The EJARI system has been created pursuant to Law no. 26 of 2007 regulating the Relationship between Landlords and Tenants in the Emirate of Dubai and its various amendments (‘Tenancy Law’). The EJARI system has been enforced to bring about all parties connected to the property lease and management companies, including companies that own and manage properties and to ensure a safe and encouraging environment for both investors and tenants alike.
07 December 2021
Crime

How to deal with a car accident in the UAE and its fines?

Car accidents can occur due to a variety of reasons; more often than not, negligence constitutes a key contributing factor. The statistical analysis of the number of car accidents in the UAE is currently at 6 per 100,000 people. Fines are typically imposed for traffic violations in the United Arab Emirates according to the Federal Traffic Law that came into effect on 1 July 2017 (‘Traffic law’). The list of fines for traffic violations is often updated annually and regularly published by all emirates. The traffic regulations are imposed in tune with the UAE’s vision to bring down the number of traffic casualties from 6 per 100,000 people to 3 per 100,000.
07 December 2021
Crime

What are the latest updates on Covid-19 restrictions and fines for the offenders in the UAE?

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the public authorities in the UAE have taken proactive and adequate measures to ensure the safety and wellbeing of its citizens, residents and visitors. The UAE currently leads the world nations in the number of Covid-19 vaccines administered, with 93% of its population being vaccinated and 82 % being fully vaccinated. This is a staggering achievement and combined with the Covid-19 protection measures, the country has successfully brought life close to normal, with residents being able to enjoy a freer and healthy environment in comparison with other nations. 
07 December 2021
Employment

Employment opportunities at Expo 2020: Know your rights

The much-awaited world expo has begun this October 2021 in Dubai. Originally scheduled for October 2020 and later postponed to 2021 due to the effects of covid-19 and the related travel restrictions. However, just one year from the earlier date, the UAE is back at the forefront and ready to welcome the world spectators to this grand six-month-long expo starting from 1 October 2021 to 31 March 2022. Needless to say, that the UAE has been able to orchestrate this landmark event in record time due to it highly efficient handling of the pandemic. The UAE currently leads the world nations in the number of Covid-19 vaccines administered, with 93% of its population being vaccinated and 82 % being fully vaccinated. This is a staggering achievement, and with the same, the country has successfully brought life close to normal and is a safe destination for people to travel to.
07 December 2021
Tax & private client

What you need to know? Inheritance law in the UAE

The UAE Personal Status Law defines ‘inheritance’ as ‘the imperative devolution of the property and financial rights upon the death of their owner to those deserving’ (Article 313). Inheritance conventionally means handing over one’s assets to his/her descendants, family, or other legally entitled beneficiaries. The process becomes complicated when the deceased has not left a will behind. Therefore, the right process would be to have a registered will at hand to ensure that your property and assets are divided as per the provisions of the will, which in turn reflects your wishes.
07 December 2021
Real Estate & Property

What are the updates on tenancy law for family-only residential buildings in the UAE?

Pursuant to Law Number 2 of 2007 on Regulations of Landlord-Tenant Relationship in Sharjah and its amendments, low-income bachelors or labourers are not allowed to live in certain residential neighbourhoods which have been specially demarcated for family use. Instead, there are certain industrial areas allocated specially for low-income bachelors and labourers in Sharjah, wherein they can take accommodation and wherein it is also possible for them to obtain shared accommodation. For example, areas such as Al Majaz and Al Nahda have been designated for family accommodations. Certain exemptions may be granted to higher-income executive bachelors holding higher degrees and professionals such as doctors, engineers to live in residential areas demarcated for families with the direct permission of the landlord.
07 December 2021
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

What are the common formalities of arbitration in the UAE?

The Federal Law No. (6) of 2018 on arbitration (‘Arbitration Law’) defines arbitration as ‘ A procedure regulated by law in which a dispute between one or more parties is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to an arbitral tribunal which makes a binding decision on the dispute’(Article1 ). The UAE Arbitration Law is modelled on the UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) model Arbitration Law which represents the international best practices. Pursuing an arbitration process over the traditional litigation route can offer many distinct advantages such as choice of language, Confidentiality, flexibility to choose the number of arbitrators, the seat of arbitration, procedures etc. 
07 December 2021
Transport

Travel updates in the UAE: Your Legal Guide during Pandemic

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the public authorities in the UAE have taken proactive and adequate measures to ensure the safety and wellbeing of its citizens, residents and visitors. The UAE currently leads the world nations in the number of Covid-19 vaccines administered, with 93% of its population being vaccinated and 82 % being fully vaccinated. This is a staggering achievement and combined with the Covid-19 protection measures, the country has successfully brought life close to normal, with residents being able to enjoy a freer and healthy environment in comparison with other nations. There are an increasing number of international travelers travelling to the UAE as this constitutes one of the safest destinations in the world. There is also the world expo 2021 that is currently being hosted by Dubai that is further inviting an influx of international travelers to the UAE.
07 December 2021
Crime

What are the punishments and fines for child negligence in the UAE?

The federal law number 3 of 2016 on child rights (also known as the 'Wadeema law' or 'UAE child protection law') was enacted in the UAE in order to ensure that all children in the UAE, irrespective of whether they are citizens, residents or tourists ae accorded with the right to life, education, protection from neglect as well as all forms of abuse whether physical, sexual, verbal, emotional or psychological. Pursuant to Article 3 of this Law, the rights of the children are protected without any discrimination as to the origin, sex, home country, religion, social status or disability of any child.
07 December 2021
Crime

What actions can be considered as molestation of women?

The United Nations declaration on the elimination of violence against women defines violence against women as "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life."Sexual violence, on the other hand, is specifically defined as "any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, or other act directed against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. It includes rape, attempted rape, unwanted sexual touching and other non-contact forms". 
07 December 2021
Intellectual Property

What you need to know about patent litigation?

The United Arab Emirates has built up a rigorous intellectual property protection regime in the country. The UAE is also a signatory of various international treaties relation concerning intellectual property protection such as the ‘World Intellectual Property Organization Convention’ (WIPO), ‘Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights’ (TRIPS), ‘Paris Convention for Protection of Industrial Property’, ‘Patent Cooperation Treaty’ (PCT) and the ‘Gulf Cooperation Council’ (GCC). 
07 December 2021
Crime

New Updates: Health, safety measures & fines during Expo 2020

The much-awaited world expo has begun this October 2021 in Dubai. Originally scheduled for October 2020 and later postponed to 2021 due to the effects of covid-19 and the related travel restrictions. However, just one year from the earlier date, the UAE is back at the forefront and ready to welcome the world spectators to this grand six-month-long Expo starting from 1 October 2020 to 10 April 2021. Needless to say that the UAE has been able to orchestrate this landmark event in record time due to it highly efficient handling of the pandemic. The UAE currently leads the world nations in the number of Covid-19 vaccines administered, with 93% of its population being vaccinated and 82 % being fully vaccinated. This is a staggering achievement, and with the same, the Country has successfully brought life close to normal and is a safe destination for people to travel.
07 December 2021
Family law

What are the conditions to receive child support?

The Federal Law No. 28 of 2005 and its amendments (“Personal Status law’) govern all aspects concerning marriage, divorce, and child custody and succession rights in the United Arab Emirates for both UAE nationals and residents. In addition, the Islamic principles of the Sharia law guide the said law and its application. However, under certain specific conditions the parties can also request the application of the foreign laws before the UAE courts in determining their legal rights. With the recent amendments to the Personal Status Law, the law of the country which constitutes the place of marriage is determined as the applicable law, provided such law does not contradict with the Sharia Law and also other conditions. (Article 13: The provisions of Article 13 have been replaced by virtue of Article 1 of Federal Decree-Law No. 30 dated 27/09/2020, to read as follows: 1- The law of the State where the marriage was concluded shall govern the personal and financial impacts resulting from the contract of marriage. 2- Divorce, repudiation and separation shall be governed by the law of the State where the marriage was concluded).
07 December 2021
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

How can arbitration be enforced?

An arbitration proceeding is similar to traditional court litigation in many ways. However, it has many advantages to offer in comparison to traditional litigation. An Arbitration procedure is private and confidential and, in many ways, faster and less expensive when compared to traditional litigation channels. For these advantages, companies often prefer to choose arbitration proceedings for dispute resolution and ensure that an arbitration clause is pre-agreed between the parties on commercial contracts. 
07 December 2021
Finance

Is it possible for foreign investors to have a big loan?

The United Arab Emirates has consistently sought to develop the UAE into a pro-business region and to have the best of facilities and policies that encourage foreign direct investments. The UAE has progressed in leaps and bounds and has established itself on the global page. It no longer identifies itself as an economy that is dependent on oil and instead has developed a well-diversified economy. The establishment of the Dubai International Financial Centre Courts system (DIFC), Dubai International Arbitration Centre (DIAC) and the Abu Dhabi Commercial Conciliation & Arbitration Centre (ADDCCAC), allowing for adjudication in English, constitute an alternate legal mechanism other than the UAE local courts.
07 December 2021
Real Estate & Property

Can a residential property landlord refuse payment for a breach of contract and evict you?

Residential property leases in Dubai are subject to the Law No. (26) of 2007 on ‘Regulating the Relationship between Landlords and Tenants in the Emirate of Dubai’ (“Tenancy Law”). It is critical to bear in mind that a lease agreement entered into between a landlord and tenant constitutes a binding and enforceable agreement between the parties. Thereby, if any of the parties do not honor the terms of the executed commercial lease agreement, it would be termed as a contractual breach. Pursuant to the UAE laws a contract binds the parties to perform the contractual obligations, and any failure to adhere to those obligations is considered a ‘breach of contract’.
07 December 2021
Crime

What are the recent developments of Anti Money Laundering in the UAE?

The UAE continuously tightens its rules and regulations concerning anti-money laundering (AML) and Counter-Terrorism Financing (CTF). It is constantly committed to its goal and vision to establish itself as the global centre for international businesses and commits to the highest standards possible in all streams. UAE aims to continuously improve the government operations in a comprehensive institutional manner and implement it to effectively counter the risks associated with money laundering & terrorism financing and that of illegal organizations developing in the region. 
07 December 2021
Crime

What will be the punishment for fake claims in court?

Submitting fake claims in the UAE can be subject to the provisions of the ‘false accusations’ under the UAE Penal Code. In this article, we will endeavour to discuss the concept of making fake claims or accusations under UAE law and it’s resultant punishments. The federal law no. 3 of 1987 and its amendments (the UAE Civil Code) defines the act of providing false reports to judicial or administrative authorities in the UAE as a punishable offence. The punishment can include imprisonment as well as fines. The significant factor checked by the UAE courts in false accusation crimes includes the aspect of ‘bad faith’. In addition, if a false accusation leads to another person being convicted, then the same penalty shall be applied to the fabricator.
07 December 2021
Corporate and Commercial

How do the International Court of Arbitration enforce their decision in commercial properties?

What do you mean by arbitration: Arbitration process can be understood as an alternate dispute resolution process wherein the disputing parties voluntarily choose an arbitration forum for adjudication of their disputes. When the parties choose binding arbitration for the settlement of their dispute then the decision of the arbitrator is termed as final and can be then enforced through court and may be further appealed on limited grounds.
07 December 2021
Employment

What conditions should be met for the employer to file an absconding case?

What is absconding: The term ‘absconding’ means to leave 'hurriedly and secretly, typically to escape from custody or avoid arrest'. This term has a special meaning in terms of the Federal Law no. 8 of 1980 regarding the organization of labour relations and its amendments (the 'UAE Labour Law'). Pursuant to the UAE Labour Law, if an employee absents himself from reporting to work for a consecutive period of seven days or for an intermittent period of twenty-one days within the course of one year of his employment without a lawful reason, then it can be constituted as absconding, and the employer may take action against the said employee.
07 December 2021
Intellectual Property

What is International Patent compliance? How can I patent my product for the international market?

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) constitutes one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations, and its main purpose is to promote and protect intellectual property across the world by cooperating with countries as well as other international organizations involved. WIPO has an international ‘Patent Cooperation Treaty’ (PCT) that has been ratified by at least 153 countries worldwide, including the United Arab Emirates. A PCT application can be best understood as the procedure through which applicants can seek international protection for their patents. International patents are granted as an exclusive right granted for an invention, which provides a new method or industrial applicability.
07 December 2021
Crime

What are the punishments for physical assault in public?

Understanding ‘Assault’: An assault is an ‘act of inflicting physical harm on another person’. Depending on the gravity of the offence and its underlying circumstances, legal recourse to an action in tort, criminal prosecution, as well as civil liability can be adjudged. The United Arab Emirates categorizes ‘assault’ as a violent crime wherein even the threat of an assault can be actionable under the criminal laws. The underlying factors surrounding the offence and the veracity of the damage caused to the other party are taken into consideration.
07 December 2021
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

Can I appeal against an arbitration award?

Arbitration is best described as a cost-effective alternate dispute resolution process, which assists in smoother business relationships without incurring the rigidity of court proceedings. To address many of the pitfalls of the arbitration process and to bring the UAE arbitration process in tune with the best international standards, the UAE enacted Federal Law No. 6 of 2018 on ‘Arbitration’ and its amendments (“Arbitration Law”).
07 December 2021
Corporate and Commercial

What are the general commercial liability policies in the UAE?

Commercial general liability (“CGL”) policies are a norm in the UAE. A CGL policy usually provides comprehensive liability coverage by encompassing different liability coverage under the same head, such a property coverage, personal injury coverage, medical coverage etc. A CGL policy thus endeavors to cover the various liabilities arising from operations, premises, products of a business under one policy.
07 December 2021
Crime

What are the amendments of civil procedure in the UAE?

The cabinet resolution no. 33 of 2020 (“Resolution”) has brought about many notable changes to Federal law no. 11 of 1992 and its amendments (“UAE Civil Procedure Code”). The said changes were made to amend the litigation procedures in the UAE. The said resolution has also amended provisions introduced by the Cabinet Resolution No. 57 of 2008. Similarly, the Federal Decree-Law no. 30 of 2020 has brought in many amendments to Federal Law No. 5 of 1985 concerning the Civil Code (UAE civil code). The said changes can be best understood as landmark changes that have been introduced in the UAE, allowing more expat-friendly approach. The changes effected have amended the articles 12(1), 13, 17, 27 and 1166 of the UAE civil code.
07 December 2021
Crime

New Updates on how UAE combats cybercrime: Punishments and Penalties

The UAE has been at the forefront of taking decisive and proactive measures to curb the prevalence of cyber-attacks in the region. The strategy and success in combatting cybercrimes in the region lies in the adoption of more comprehensive and streamlined laws and regulations with stricter penalties. In this article, we would like to take you through the main concepts of cybercrime with a special focus on how the UAE tackles these issues.
07 December 2021
Corporate and Commercial

How to change local sponsor in Dubai?

Prior to the recent amendment of the Federal Law No.2 of 2015 and its amendments (‘UAE Commercial Companies Law’), it was a mandatory requirement for expats to have a local sponsor to be appointed in the company. Such local sponsors would also be holding 51% of the total shareholding of the company. The local sponsor will also hold additional duties as well as rights , or in some instances, the parties would enter into a side agreement to ensure that the full operational control rests with the foreign expat alone.
07 December 2021
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

Can I appeal against an arbitration award?

Arbitration is best described as a cost-effective alternate dispute resolution process, which assists in smoother business relationships without incurring the rigidity of court proceedings. To address many of the pitfalls of the arbitration process and to bring the UAE arbitration process in tune with the best international standards, the UAE enacted Federal Law No. 6 of 2018 on ‘Arbitration’ and its amendments (“Arbitration Law”).
06 September 2021
Crime

Perjury in UAE: Can a defendant get away by using double negative?

Perjury can be defined as an intentional act of lying, withholding the truth, administering false testimony, swearing or any act done with the intent of deception or misleading the legal system or process. An underlying criminal intent or object is mandatory to establish an act of perjury. To constitute perjury the person making a statement / submission must have knowledge of the fact that he is making a false statement and or believes what he is stating is not true.
06 September 2021
Corporate and Commercial

What is the current impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial and consumer contracts?

The Covid-19 pandemic is still interfering heavily with international trade creating disruptions and delays on an unprecedented scale. The world has completed more than one year since the Covid-19 outbreak. However, its far-reaching effects are still far from over. Pandemic outbreaks have occurred before on numerous occasions, and they have had a crippling effect on the world economy. However, never before the world has collectively experienced such bottleneck effect on international trade and shipping. The underlying causes are numerous and include factory closures, supply shortage, transit and payment delays, to name a few. Many businesses have been pushed to the brink of bankruptcy in increasing numbers worldwide.
12 August 2021
Employment

What if you are considered as Absconding in the Country?

UAE corporate market is employee-oriented hence, the employment laws of the country are strong preserving the interest of employers and employees at the same time. In the interest of the employers, the employment law of UAE empowers the employers to register an absconding case against the employees working under them, in case the employee is absent from the work for a period of 7 continuous days. In general cases, absconding cases are registered if the employee fails to attend the office or leaves the country without informing the employer. Although, there can be multiple reasons for an employee to not attend the work that is failing to comply with his/her financial obligations, was charged with a criminal offense, however, it is an obligation of the employee to attend office and failure of which authorizes the employer to register an absconding case.
10 August 2021
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

What Contractual Damages Are Awarded Under UAE Law?

In a simple language, “damages” are referred to as compensation paid to the claimant for a breach, loss or injury caused by another. Damages are generally confused with the term “damage”, however, they are both are significantly different from each other. Where damages refer to compensation claimed by one party from another and damage is the loss and injury for which one can claim compensation. Damages are often granted in the event there is a breach of a contract or in cases of tort. Civil Lawyers of Dubai has carefully scrutinized the different types of damages claimed or sought and their nature is usually dependent upon the objective behind claiming such damages. Therefore, the present article will let you have a sneak peak on the types of contractual damages one can claim in a case registered before UAE Civil courts.
10 August 2021
Immigration

Civil Claim Procedures for Expatriates in UAE

Civil courts structure in UAE is pyramidal, wherein, the Federal Supreme Court is the highest court at a federal level and the Court of Cassation is the highest court at an Emirate Level. Next in the hierarchy of courts are the Courts of Appeal in the relevant Emirate followed by Court of First Instance in each Emirate. If you are a resident of Dubai or any other Emirate in the country, it is pertinent for you to understand the hierarchy of courts as well as the procedure of filing civil claims before such courts as advised by Civil Lawyers of Dubai.
10 August 2021
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

All You Need To Know About Professional Negligence Law in UAE

Errors can occur in any circumstance, however when you have depended on an attorney or any other professional with a legitimate issue, mistakes can cause severe losses. On the off chance that a specialist’s activity, or inaction, has caused you money related loss or diminished an anticipated monetary benefit, you can carry a case against them to seek compensation. Such cases are referred to as professional negligence cases. Proficient carelessness is not the same as poor service provided by the professional. Instances of poor services can be slow service or absence of straightforward communication, yet not as severe as professional negligence which leads to monetary or physical loss. Professional carelessness is the noteworthy disappointment of your specialist to fulfill the very guidelines of skill for which you appointed him. On the off chance that this disappointment brings about you acquiring losses, you are lawfully qualified for remuneration. The Civil Lawyers of Dubai are hereby desire to express their views on the cases of professional negligence and under what circumstances you may raise a case against the said professional. Legislation Coverage Federal Law number 5 of 1985 (Commercial Transactions Law) under Article 383 confirms that an obligor (whilst performing his obligation) shall exercise all due care as the reasonable prudent man would exercise, unless there is an agreement to the contrary. Additionally, such obligor shall be held liable for any loss or gross negligence on his part while conducting his duties. In furtherance, according to Article 124, the individual commitments may emerge from either contract, one-sided agreement, acts causing hurt (torts) and acts giving an advantage, and the law. Wherein, Article 196 of the Civil Code expresses that ‘any condition indicating to give exclusion from liability to a destructive demonstration will be considered null and void’. It is viewed as that this article covers the two cases for breach of agreement and any tortious case. In spite of that, Article 390 shows that authoritative obligation can be restricted; in any case, it isn’t admissible under the law to diminish risk emerging from tortious cases. According to Article 292 of the Civil Code, ‘In all cases, the remuneration will be surveyed based on the measure of loss endured by the person in question, along with loss of benefit, given this is a characteristic after-effect of the harmful act of negligence or breach. In the event that the damage was brought about by various people, at that point they will liable to the amount of their contribution in such harmful act, in accordance with Article 291 of the Civil Code. The individuals who have experienced misfortune emerging another person’s carelessness can reach out to the court for compensation as per Article 389 of the Civil Code. That article expresses that ‘if the measure of remuneration isn’t fixed by law or by the agreement signed between the parties, the appointed authority will evaluate it in a sum comparable to the harm.” Even though the law specifically allows a harmed individual to reach out to the court, it is still advised by Top Lawyers of Dubai to seek legal assistance of your legal consultant depending upon type of damaged suffered and to seek the right amount of compensation from the UAE courts.
10 August 2021
Transport

Pandemic Effect on Maritime Industry in UAE

Certainly, we all didn’t imagine the most awaited 2020 to be such harsh year for health, economy and lifestyle for everyone. We are restricted to even perform basic activities like breathing (without a mask) and some other major industries were shut temporarily. We have discussed the impact of coronavirus on many sectors drifting economy away from normal to devastating. Another important industry who has faced the wrath of coronavirus is Maritime and shipping, wherein, the Maritime lawyers of Dubai believe that the major impact on this industry is due to the restrictions imposed on shipping cargos by most governments around the world. Accordingly, the industry is currently facing multiples issues and struggling to survive in the wave of global pandemic. The article by top Lawyers of Dubai will discuss these challenges briefly to provide an insight to our readers.
10 August 2021
Crime

Learn About Whistleblower Protection in the UAE

As UAE is increasingly characterized as an economical hub, economic security is regarded as one of the most important issues in an ever-growing economic hub of the middle east. An aspect is appreciated increasingly about the whistleblowing where the employees play a critical role with respect to the wrongdoings in the company. It even helps in raising the confidence in the market along with the effort to popularize the concept of good corporate governance.
10 August 2021

The New Concept of Family Ownership in Dubai

In the wake of progression by implementing new legislations, the Emirate of Dubai has promulgated a new law by virtue of Law number 9 of 2020 for regulating the Family Ownership (hereinafter referred to as the Law). The concept of Family Ownership is seemingly up to the minute and was issued to regulate and govern the affairs concerning family property owned in the country. The objective behind issuance of this Law is to maintain progression over such property and encourage or facilitate transition of generations. The property lawyers of Dubai are pleased to discuss the pertinent aspects of the Law for the readers to understand the ideology behind issuance of this Law. What does the Law govern? Under the provisions of the Law, the family member having interest in one property are allowed to enter into a legally binding agreement (commonly referred to as the “Family Property Contract”) which enables the family members to have joint ownership and administration rights over the jointly-owned property thereby benefitting the members of the family as well as the upcoming successors. Having said that, the law allows the members of the family up to fourth generation possessing common interest in family property to have equal rights in the property or rights as per the family property contract. The contract allows the members to discuss rights pertaining to movable and immovable property, except for the shares in public joint stock companies. The Law empowers members of the family to tweak the details or provisions of the contract or appoint the Best Lawyers of Dubai to draft the contract as per the needs and requirements of the family to accommodate the provisions of having common interest in the property. In addition, the members can entail specific provisions concerning rights in income, capital, management and administration of the property. The law further confirms that the administration of the family property shall be the responsibility of one or two managers appointed under the said contract. Additionally, the contract shall include provisions for the management rights, appointment and termination of the managers. Another significant provision of the Law allows any one of the family member having interest in the family property to sell or transfer his shares to other member or pass it on through inheritance or to transfer under the specific conditions or circumstances of bankruptcy or transfer to third parties. The Law has entailed a provision for establishing a special judicial committee comprising of legal experts possessing expertise in family, management and property matters for resolving disputes between the parties of the family property contract. It is undeniable that the issuance of the Law is certainly to preserve family wealth and most importantly to offer a legal option especially for those struggling with internal family matters concerning property rights. In addition, the Law will assist in regulating intricate family business structures incorporated in the Emirate of Dubai. Lastly, it is pertinent that the success of the Law is directly proportional to the implementation rules or decisions issued by the government of Dubai to ease the process of its regulation.
07 July 2021

Learn more about the Dubai New Law Allowing Heirs to Sell Their Inherited Properties

The principles of Shariah law in UAE govern the inheritance affairs of all the Muslims especially UAE nationals. Whereas, foreign expatiates whether Muslims or non-Muslims can apply the provisions of their home country law for property inheritance or other family matters. In any case, there are numerous vulnerabilities with respect to property inheritance issues. In contrast to different jurisdictions, the UAE doesn't consider or practice the 'right of survivorship' (providing the property to the surviving joint owner as what happens in Common wealth countries).
07 July 2021

What you should know about credit card default management in the UAE?

Credit cards defaults should not be taken lightly, and credit cardholders should be well versed with the aftereffects of such defaults. It is important to understand that defaulted payments for a credit card are retained on record for many years, and this is even if you have repaid the entire defaulted amount. Defaulted credit card payments can have many long terms effects, which will be discussed in this article. It is crucial that one develops their financial knowledge about their credit card scores and constantly endeavor to maintain a good credit card report.
07 July 2021

This Might Be Best Way to Learn About the New Citizenship Law of UAE

A new citizenship law has been introduced in the United Arab Emirates by amending the UAE federal law no. 17 of 1992, also known as the Citizenship Law. The amendments in the new law has been regarded as an affirmative development which is responsible for the reinforcement of the status of the country as an international as well as a regional hub. There has been an offer made to a selected group of foreigners with respect to the citizenship. An attempt has been made by this middle east government which provides an expatriate with the bigger role in the economy by formalizing it.
07 July 2021

Stay One Step Ahead! Conduct Due Diligence Before Buying Property in UAE

Due diligence is commonly characterized as intensive exploration before signing an agreement, particularly one including the sale and purchase of land or any property. Due diligence implies playing it safe, auditing and examining documents, performing estimations, insurance protection, performing reviews, strolling the property, and basically getting your work done for the property BEFORE you really sign the sale and purchase agreement. Property lawyers of Dubai commonly term due diligence as a primary step taken by any individual willing to own a property in Dubai or any other Emirate in UAE.
07 July 2021

How Arbitration Institutions awards legal cost in UAE?

Managing an arbitration means managing a client’s expectations, including the client’s costs in pursuing its case in arbitration. Parties in arbitration may incur different types of costs; wherein the three main costs involved are the Tribunal Fees; Administration Fees; Legal fees for experts and for legal representations. Legal cost is the main expense incurred by the party and the fees of its legal representatives in arbitration.
07 July 2021

Key points to remember about Health Insurance in the UAE

The UAE is renowned for its best quality healthcare facilities, which has led to a rise in medical tourism over the past decade. Healthcare is so prevalent, there are an estimated 181 doctors per 100,000 residents. Health insurance is one of the most serious issues in any society as it often leads to high-quality healthcare treatment available for many people. The UAE has some of the finest healthcare infrastructure in the world and is a major attraction for expats looking to move there. Health insurance plays a massive role in providing a high level of healthcare in the UAE and is necessary for expats living in Dubai. There are different ways to treat the issue and some countries provide free healthcare while others focus on healthcare insurance system. In the UAE, compulsory health insurance has been introduced few years back.
07 July 2021

Are you Aware about Provisions of Paternity Leave and Equal Pay under UAE Labour Law?

Major steps have been taken the UAE government towards gender equality by introducing following amendments outlined by Labor Lawyers of Dubai in this article. Federal Decree Law No. 6 of 2020 introduces a new Article 74 to the Labor Law to provide for five days paid working days of parental leave and amendment to Article 32 of the UAE Labour Law, which contains equal-pay provisions for female employees.
07 July 2021
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

Know more about ‘Legal Guardian’ and ‘Custodian’ rights in the UAE

The concept of Legal guardianship is determined as per the UAE Federal Law Number 28 of 2005 on personal status and its amendments, commonly referred to as the ‘Personal Status Law’. The UAE personal status law follows the Shariah law as can be seen from its concept of “Legal guardian”. This constitutes an interesting facet of UAE custody laws wherein the concept of “legal guardian” and “Custodian” exists.
25 May 2021
Finance

8 Things to Remember about Bounce Cheque in UAE

Bouncing of Cheques is witnessed as the incessant complication confronted by the people of UAE. The criminal act is defined under the provisions of criminal law and it can result into penalties and punishments which can prove to be really stringent and intimidating as confirmed by Criminal Lawyers of Dubai. Entities and foreign exchanges, loan from banks, lease deeds, sales and purchases or transactions by the individuals are not the only areas where one could face such type of issue.
07 May 2021
Corporate and Commercial

What You Should Know About Debt Consolidation Loan in UAE?

Financial liability in terms of multiple loans or credit cards is to be best handled by availing the option of a ‘Debt consolidation loan in UAE’. There are several banks in the UAE providing the services of a ‘debt consolidation loan’. As per the latest surveys, it is seen that at least three in five UAE residents have outstanding debts of various nature and therefore can benefit from the Debt consolidation services.
23 April 2021
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

This Might be the Best Way to Learn the New Law of Divorce and Inheritance in UAE!

With the swift changes in the personal laws of the UAE, the most momentous among them were the laws relating to Divorce and Inheritance. The personal Islamic laws of the UAE were rebuilt by the UAE government through an With the swift changes in the personal laws of the UAE, the most momentous among them were the laws relating to Divorce and Inheritance. The personal Islamic laws of the UAE were rebuilt by the UAE government through an announcement made by them on 7th November, 2020. One line to characterize such changes is that, the Islamic law of the Sharia will no more be used for dealing with the cases belonging to family law for the non-citizens. The following article by Family Lawyers of Dubai highlights the recent changes in family laws within the country. Amendment made in Divorce Law’s Jurisdiction The Amendments introduced are the ones changing the law of 1987, which provides that the local laws which were the first attempt to provide the legal framework to the personal laws will not be used for dealing with the ones who are not even the nationals of the country. Unlike the past status, now any couple can get divorce in UAE, not based on the Islamic law, rather based on the law of that country in which they were married. Law of the Past Earlier, the family law of UAE provided that Sharia will be applied on the muslim couples with respect to their child custody issues or asset division or for maintenance even. Till the amendment came into force, the law allowed the expatriates to choose among the option of either applying Sharia to their divorce proceedings or to request the court to follow the law of their home country instead. In addition to this, in cases where both the partners belonged to a different country, then in that case, the law of the Husband’s country would have applied. But when the law of their home countries fizzle to bring justice to them or didn’t cover an aspect of divorce, in such cases, the courts brought the case back under the purview of the Sharia Law. Consequences Now the couples will not have to feel dreadful from the prolonged and ponderous procedure of divorce. In the cases where there is an absence of agreement between the parties, the court can order them to undergo mediation for the same. Moreover, concepts like joint assets and accounts pose to be propitious for not just one but both the partners. The financial aftermath of both the parties can have a startling effect due to the switch in the applicability of the jurisdiction. Another upper hand which the new law enjoys is that it omits any further chance of filing yet another petition on the matter over whose law would apply. Though the division of assets will also be covered under the ambit of new jurisdiction, the custody of the child is nowhere mentioned in the scope of this new aspect. Inheritance Law In cases characterized as petulant, the descendants of the deceased had to face the division of the assets according to the Islamic Law. Most of them were not even acquainted with the same and had to face an unusual division between men and women. In cases where the family was a non-resident and a non-Muslim, only in those cases one could petition the court for applying the law of their birth nation. But the Muslim Non Residents didn’t have such choice. They were covered under the Sharia only. Also, the Non-Muslim expatriates who did not request for any such change of jurisdiction had to undergo the Sharia Law of Inheritance only. The amendment have now brought the change again in the jurisdiction of applying the law. This means that unlike the past, where the religion was the major basis, now the citizenship will be the characteristic around which, the whole inheritance will revolve. According to the new law, the inheritance will be practiced according to the citizenship of the deceased at the time of his death. In case a will is present, it will obviously be followed. But in cases where there is no will, the law of the country of the citizenship will be the sole factor to practice the law of Inheritance. An exceptional case states that where the deceased had bought a property in the UAE and has not bequeathed it under a will, then in that case, the law of Sharia will apply on the property. There are two types of heir in the Sharia Law, i.e. the eligible and an ineligible heir. The eligible heir is not inclusive of adopted as well as illegitimate children. In addition to this a divorced wife is not entitled to her ex-husband’s property if they have been divorced for more than three months. Inheritance in Islam is famously regarded as a complicated process where a large share of property is always bagged by the mail heirs, posing a disadvantage for the female heirs. For example, a daughter is just entitled to half of what a son gets. Conclusion The procedure of Divorce for the expatriates have substantially changed and purports to be a worthwhile amendment. The intend behind the same was to promote the living standards of its people. The amendment is also looked forward to as a way out from the disputed cases of the non residents, which will be governed without further jurisdictional petitions. This will not only save the parties to the dispute from getting assaulted economically but also from the breakdown one faces emotionally.
19 April 2021
Banking and finance

What If Someone Files A Fake Cheque Case Against You?

Dishonored cheques are considered as a crime in UAE under Federal Law number 3 of 1987 on UAE Penal Code. Have you been in a situation where you issued a cheque, however, later paid the cheque amount in cash to the beneficiary but, the beneficiary failed to return the cheque or refuses to return the cheque. Shockingly, he deposits the cheque in the bank, receive a dishonored statement and files a case against you. Criminal Lawyers of Dubai consider it as a fake case registered against you.
27 April 2020
Crime

Uae And South Africa Extradition Treaty

You can run, but you cannot hide, on this note the government of United Arab Emirates and South African government signed an extradition treaty and mutual legal collaboration in criminal matters in late 2018. The treaty will enable the countries to help each other in criminal investigation and prosecution of crimes through mutual collaboration and extradition of accused hiding in either of the country post committing a crime or who is wanted in requesting country.
28 October 2019
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

3 Points To Remember If Your Spouse Abducts Your Child To Uae

3 POINTS TO REMEMBER IF YOUR SPOUSE ABDUCTS YOUR CHILD TO UAE Family Lawyers of Dubai have seen a tremendous increase in cases of Parent-Child Abduction from one country to another in an estranged marriage. Through this article, I will highlight three important points to be considered by either spouse, if the other half has abducted the child from another country to the UAEwithout proper authorization and consent. Children are always caught up in these despicable events. Nevertheless, such situations can be prevented by taking calculative legal steps within the UAE.
28 October 2019
Crime

What are the criminal liabilities in medical negligence?

George Bernard Shaw has righteously quoted we have not lost faith, we have just transferred it in the medical profession. Thus, an exceptional venerable position has been given to doctors, but, it is natural that greater the reverence comes with great responsibility. Over time, we have witnessed a pace of globalisation and commercialisation in all spheres of life including the medical profession. New technologies and medicine have assisted us in improving the healthy lifestyle.
28 October 2019
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

Can you claim legal costs in arbitration?

Isn’t it too complex and too expensive to proceed with arbitration? What all costs can we recover in this arbitration apart from the claim? Can we claim attorney’s fees or legal costs from this arbitration? There are few but very frequently asked questions from the Lawyers in UAE, and the answers to these questions can be spotted in this article. One of the most appealing advantages of turning to arbitration is the tribunal’s authority to award legal costs and expenses. These would ordinarily incorporate the arbitrator's fees and any other costs incurred in any arbitration institution. It is a recent practice in UAE among commercial parties to empower the tribunal to award legal costs either within the Terms of Reference or drafting a special provision for the same. However, under certain circumstances, the ability of the tribunal to grant legal costs is a challenging task. Consequently, the Arbitration Lawyers of Dubai have simplified it through this article for all the commercial parties in arbitration or desiring to file for arbitration. The concerned article will emphasize the most prominent arbitration institute of Dubai that is Dubai International Arbitration Centre (DIAC). The article is divided into several categories to comprehend the status of each case easily.
28 October 2019
Corporate & Commercial

Insider Trading: Legal or Illegal?

Insider trading is exploitation of confidential information which is based on the sale and purchase of financial instruments of a corporate entity referred to as insider. The information pertaining to financial instruments can influence the public at large if disclosed. An act will be called insider trading if such information is provided to a third party who benefits from his investment activities post receiving such information. It is a term used commonly in the securities market and usually relates to illegal conduct.
28 October 2019
Real Estate & Property

How to resolve real estate disputes in Dubai?

Dubai has experienced major ups and downs in the real estate sector, and the disputes arose tested the veracity and legal standing of these laws from time to time. Almost after a decade of rigorous implementation, the real estate laws of Dubai, as elucidated by Property lawyers in Dubai are now much more robust. The concerned article is a pathway to understanding the various aspects of dispute resolution in real estate matters in Dubai.
28 October 2019
Crime

Do You Want To File a Case For Theft?

Theft involves obtaining someone else’s property with the intention of depriving the other person permanently from such movable property without their consent. Stealing money, accepting stolen goods or property or obtaining goods by masquerade. Legal Consultants of Dubai often suggest clients consider important points highlighted in this article in the case of theft. Federal Law Number 3 of 1987 regarding the UAE Penal Code exclusively provides punishment for theft committed within the country. Generally, theft is perpetrated on movable property having a monetary value belonging to another. Whereas, the Federal Law Number 5 of 1985 on Commercial Transactions defines property as something that can be taken under custody. Larceny, shoplifting, burglary and embezzlement of funds are some common crimes falling under the criteria of theft.
28 October 2019
Crime

Looking for a Lawyer: Suing for Breach of Trust

Accessibility to global trade, tax-free income, innumerable business opportunities and free trade environment is an optimal location for any business venture and UAE is one such example of such a business environment. However, even in such favourable region, industrialist practices dishonest behaviour in order to gain undue profits. Dubai Legal Consultants will hereby provide you with a brief overview of the most common offence in the UAE that is Breach of Trust.
28 October 2019
Crime

UAE joins nations monitoring Offenders through Electronic Tagging

The Law No. 17 of 2018 provides for an alternative to imprisonment in certain offences and subject to certain restrictions, which we have amplified in the following part herein. The alternative to imprisonment comes as a handy, electronic, portable and wearable device, which is intended to restrict and monitor the convicts or the accused pending trial instead of giving them a jail term or police custody during the investigation. 
28 October 2019
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

Arbitration Article Series I: Rise of Arbitration

The UAE has rapidly emerged as a leading financial centre, attracting large global investors and businesses. As international developers and contractors continue to invest in construction projects, there has been an increasing trend in the use of arbitration in Dubai. The arbitration process is the preferred method to resolve disputes by commercial companies. As the certified language of arbitration proceedings is in English, a specialist tribunal can be appointed as opposed to the more broad UAE courts, and arbitration is generally more cost-effective and less time-consuming. This has led businesses and investors in the UAE to ensure that arbitration clauses or agreements are inserted into their contracts. Furthermore, the downturn in economic conditions in the real estate market over the past few years has led to an increase in disputes in general, and parties are more likely to issue court proceedings than to try to recover their losses through other ventures.
28 October 2019
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

Arbitration Article Series II: Appointing Arbitrators

An arbitrator can be appointed directly by name (this is not the common method used), through the court or through the arbitration centre. If you agree for the court or arbitration centre to appoint an arbitrator you need to make an application. The arbitration provisions of the Civil Procedure Code contain mandatory provisions concerning the appointment of an arbitrator. There must be an odd number of arbitrators, although there is no limit set on the number of arbitrators.
28 October 2019
Litigation & Dispute Resolution

Arbitration Article Series III: Terms of References

Parties wanting to enforce an award under the New York Convention must satisfy the requirements of the UAE Civil Code. In practice, enforcing arbitration awards can be a lengthy and unpredictable process. It is common for the UAE courts to require the foreign award to satisfy the rules and procedures of the UAE, and they may refuse to enforce it if there is a violation of local laws. One potential difficulty arises in convincing the UAE court that it did not have jurisdiction to hear the dispute in the first place (irrespective of the arbitration agreement between the parties). The UAE courts normally have a fairly broad jurisdiction over disputes including, for example, claims connected to money or assets within the UAE and claims arising out of contracts executed or to be performed in the UAE, as well as claims over foreigners who are resident in the UAE. Therefore, it is difficult to prove that the UAE court did not have jurisdiction over the order.
28 October 2019
Finance

An Introduction to Corporate Guarantee

In the UAE, the risk management activities inherent in running a corporate or investment banking business remain of crucial importance, not least because of the strong local characteristic of “name lending”, by which is meant lending or providing other banking facilities to family or other private businesses, primarily on the strength of the “name” or “names” of the proprietors standing behind the business, rather than on the strength of the asset quality and underlying credit of the particular business. Of course, in practice, there is commercial overlap between the proprietors and the companies which they own, but the credit analyses can break down where poor banking practices and procedures result in poorly constructed legal documentation and gaps in guarantee and security support documents.
28 October 2019
Finance

An Introduction to Personal Guarantee

The economic boom in UAE has resulted in huge developments and a considerable increase in trade. This in turn has led to a rise in transactions which require a fast debt recovery mechanism. According to common practice in the UAE, the most secure and quickest method is the post-dated -  and in some cases undated – cheque. This is often requested by creditors (financial institutions) and sellers, mostly in real estate transactions and trade. The rationale is mostly economic to individuals who are issuing the cheque, and how does personal guarantee play a role? In this Article, we attempt to analyze and overview UAE laws on Personal guarantee.
28 October 2019
Awatif Mohammad Shoqi Advocates & Legal Consultancy