Hengeler Mueller

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Johannes Adolff

Johannes advises finance industry clients in corporate matters and M&A transactions. He also advises on regulatory issues, in particular relating to the crisis management of banks.

Andreas Austmann

Andreas practices corporate and capital markets law. Most of his clients are domestic and foreign publicly listed companies typically seeking his advice on transformational matters. This includes mergers and takeovers, spin-offs and the structuring of corporate groups, often in cross-border scenarios.

Henning Bälz

As member of Hengeler Mueller’s Dispute Resolution Group, Henning primarily advises clients in national and international arbitration cases. He also acts regularly in front of state courts and advises clients on out-of-court settlements. Henning focuses on contract and corporate law disputes (including post-M&A matters) as well as investment treaties.

Stefanie Beinert

Stefanie advises on tax issues related to reorganization (with a national or international focus) and corporate succession, as well as complex individual tax matters. She also specializes in M&A advice.

Bianka Bielecke

Bianka provides legal advice to banks and corporates on capital market transactions in connection with the issuance of debt securities.

Alf-Henrik Bischke

Alf advises on antitrust and merger control aspects, with a particular focus on M&A-related merger control in a multi-jurisdictional context. He helped clients to obtain clearances in a number complex second phase proceedings of the German Federal Cartel Office (FCO) and assisted companies on antitrust investigations of the European Commission as well as the FCO.

Matthias Blaum

Matthias is active in all fields of corporate law both on company and shareholder level, with a special focus on corporate transformations and reorganizations, corporate governance and compliance. His client base consists of corporations and partnerships, many of which are family owned or dominated enterprises. He has broad experience in succession related matters involving entrepreneurs and shareholders. Matthias is also involved in shareholder disputes where he represents parties in state courts and arbitration proceedings. He has frequently acted as arbitrator in such proceedings.

Ulrich Blech

Ulrich advises German as well as foreign strategic and financial investors on M&A transactions and on general corporate matters. He is in particular experienced in transactions in distressed scenarios.

Dirk H Bliesener

Dirk has a broad practice covering the needs of the financial industry, focusing largely on banking and regulatory aspects of domestic and multi-jurisdictional M&A, restructurings and other transactions, as well as on a wide range of finance and debt capital markets matters.

Hendrik Bockenheimer

Hendrik advises national and international corporate clients in all aspects of employment law, including individual and collective matters. He has particular expertise in the structuring, planning and implementation of personnel related projects and also provides ongoing employment law advice to clients. His principal areas of activity cover employment related reorganizations, such as measures to adjust a business or organizational structure or to reduce personnel, as well as the employment related aspects of M&A transactions. In addition, Hendrik has experience of advising companies in relation to matters concerning their management board members, managing directors and executive employees.

Nicolas Böhm

Nicolas advises a broad range of domestic and foreign clients on corporate transactions and commercial contracts. His work includes private M&A, joint ventures and infrastructure projects.

Jan D. Bonhage

Jan is a public law expert. He regularly advises international and domestic clients on EU, regulatory, public procurement, state aid, infrastructure and transport, environmental and planning, foreign investment and constitutional matters. His practice covers major projects, especially in infrastructure, road and rail, defense and security, finance and health care as well as the EU energy sector.

Andreas Breier

Andreas advises companies and investors on M&A transactions, the establishment and operation of industrial facilities, dispute resolution, and general corporate and civil law issues. He specializes in the energy industry, and is especially active in renewable energy.

Hartwin Bungert

Hartwin advises listed and non-listed companies regarding national and international reorganizations. Other principal areas of his practice include the preparation and support of shareholders' meetings, in particular annual shareholders' meetings of listed companies, advising boards of stock corporations as well as forensic activities in corporate law.

Frank Burmeister

Frank has a broad M&A and corporate practice, with particular experience in the automotive, banking and real estate sectors. He is admitted as a notary public with office in Frankfurt and covers the full spectrum of notarial services, especially in corporate law and real estate.

Dirk Busch

Dirk is an equity capital markets and corporate lawyer who advises companies, banks and shareholders in complex equity capital market transactions and on corporate issues. He also regularly acts for both corporations and partnerships, as well as for related company bodies, in particular in corporate and capital markets law and in the preparation of shareholders' general meetings.

Peter Dampf

Peter has a broad financing practice and regularly acts for a range of domestic and international financial institutions, corporates as well as private equity investors, on all aspects of debt financing, with a particular emphasis on syndicated lending, real estate finance and infrastructure finance. He has also been engaged in a number of restructurings.

Oleg de Lousanoff

Oleg has had a wide corporate and M&A practice for almost 40 years, with a particular emphasis on advising multinational corporations in relation to cross-border M&A projects in Germany and other jurisdictions. Over the last ten years, he has focused more and more on Russia-related transactions (inbound and outbound). As a notary with office in Frankfurt, Oleg handles mainly corporate work.

Cecilia Di Ció

Cecilia practices a capital markets law, and has particular experience in advising companies and bank syndicates in a wide variety of equity capital markets transactions. This covers i.a. IPOs (including dual track transactions), capital increases requiring a prospectus as well as private placements, corporate reorganizations and transactions involving an admission to trading on a stock exchange.

Reinhold Ernst

Reinhold has a general capital markets and corporate practice. He has particular experience in IPOs, spin-offs and restructurings, public takeovers, M&A projects and capital markets compliance. He further specializes in advising boards of both listed and private companies.

Daniela Favoccia

Daniela has developed a wide corporate and M&A practice with a client base ranging from large listed companies to smaller listed and unlisted companies. One pillar of her practice is providing legal advice to bidders, targets and shareholders in private and public M&A transactions. Another focus is to prepare and steer critical shareholder meetings to implement corporate reorganizations such as conversions, mergers, spin-offs, domination / profit transfer agreements and the squeeze-out of minority shareholders. Daniela is a member of the firm’s India desk.

John Flüh

John is a notary with office in Berlin and lawyer specializing in corporate and real estate law. His primary focus lies in mergers & acquisitions, the reorganization of companies, real estate transactions as well as estate planning. His key clients include several major German stock corporations, real estate developers, private equity funds and family businesses.

Georg A Frowein

Georg advises on cross-border M&A transactions as well as corporate reorganizations, in particular in the energy and real estate sector. In addition, Georg is admitted as a civil law notary with office in Frankfurt with a focus on the handling of M&A transactions and corporate reorganisations as well as shareholder meetings of private and public companies.

Axel Gehringer

Axel advises financial institutions, investors and corporations on all types of debt financing. In addition to loans, this includes structured financing, with a special emphasis on securitizations.

Martin M Geiger

Based in Frankfurt and London, Martin advises banks, private equity funds and corporate clients on loan, lease and trade receivable securitizations, real estate financings including their refinancing via covered bonds and CMBS, credit derivatives, acquisition financings and general banking matters.

Wolfgang Groß

Wolfgang advises corporates and investors in all fields of capital markets and corporate law. His practice includes equity and equity linked transactions, securities trading (insider trading, ad-hoc disclosure), corporate transformations and general corporate advise.

Hendrik Haag

Hendrik has been advising lenders and borrowers on all sorts of corporate finance transactions for more than 30 years. His current focus is on capital market based financing through the issue of bonds and structured investment products. Hendrik's other area of expertise is the regulation of financial markets, including bank supervision. He advises German and international financial institutions, particularly in relation to ownership control, the structuring of regulatory capital instruments, as well as the ongoing supervision by the ECB or national authorities.

Philipp Hanfland

Philipp represents companies in complex disputes before state courts, in international arbitration proceedings and in alternative dispute resolution processes. His focus is on securities litigation, corporate and insolvency litigation, as well as post M&A and contractual disputes. His clients are companies in the financial and energy sectors, and in the manufacturing industry.

Matthias Hentzen

Matthias advises clients in complex transactions, specifically joint ventures and international M&A projects which require bespoke structures. His experience also covers corporate law advice and arbitration. Working as part of a team with his clients, Matthias' practice focuses on developing conclusive solutions to achieve their economic goals, analyzing different structural options and weighing up the pros and cons beyond the legal issues.

Christian Hoefs

Christian advises companies on all aspects of employment and pension law. His practice includes employment and pension aspects of M&A transactions and reorganizations. In addition, he assists employers in negotiations with unions and works councils, and advises on complex collective and individual employment law matters and employment related litigation.

Christof Jäckle

Christof has a general corporate and M&A practice, with particular experience in private equity. He advises a broad range of German and non-German corporates and private equity and sovereign wealth funds.

Wolfgang Kellenter

Wolfgang advises and represents clients in all fields of intellectual property and information technology law. His practice includes patent, trademark and copyright litigation, as well as disputes regarding unfair competition. His main focus is patent litigation.

Martin Klein

Martin advises clients in tax matters. His areas of expertise include transaction-related tax advice, tax advice for businesses and international tax law.

Heinrich Knepper

Heinrich has a broad financing practice and regularly acts for a range of corporates, financial institutions and banks in connection with general corporate finance, acquisition finance, project finance as well as internal group financings. He also advises corporate clients as well as private equity investors in connection with M&A transactions and corporate reorganizations. In addition, his practice includes advice to banks, corporates and their shareholders in connection with the restructuring of distressed debt.

Rainer Krause

Rainer advises corporates and investors on corporate and capital markets law, with a focus on corporate reorganizations, M&A projects and other transformational matters. He is also active as a boardroom advisor and is routinely involved in the preparation of shareholders' meetings. His practice includes corporate litigation.

Stefan Krauss

Stefan focuses on structured finance, payment systems, derivatives and banking regulatory matters. He has been ranked as a market-leading lawyer over the last 20 years. Stefan has been instrumental in shaping the German securitization market in more than 140 transactions, including the majority of synthetic, true-sale RMBS and ECB securitizations. He also developed the legal structures for the largest pan-European payment systems in the private sector. Recent projects include a €3bn synthetic mortgage loan securitization, a €30bn RMBS program, a €35bn structured covered bonds program and the EBA instant payment system RT1.

Gerd Krieger

Gerd practices corporate law. Among his clients are large listed companies for which he acts as boardroom advisor on a broad range of corporate matters, securities laws, M&A, restructurings of corporate groups and shareholders' meetings.

Simon Patrick Link

Simon has a corporate and equity capital markets practice. His clients include large listed and unlisted companies as well as financial investors. He advises on transformations and reorganizations such as carve-outs, spin-offs, joint ventures and taking-private transactions, as well as IPOs, equity issuances and share buybacks.

Thorsten Mäger

Thorsten has a broad competition law practice covering merger control proceedings, cartel investigations/abuse of dominance, compliance trainings/audits and follow-on damage claims litigation. He represents clients before the European Commission, the German Federal Cartel Office, and European and German courts.

Markus Meier

Markus acts for clients in disputes before state courts and in arbitration proceedings. His focus is on complex disputes requiring strategic thinking and persistence as well as in cross-border disputes. Clients seek his advice in bet-the-company disputes. In addition, Markus has many years' experience acting as counsel to parties in domestic and international arbitrations. He also sits as arbitrator in international arbitration disputes covering a variety of subjects and industries.

Petra R Mennicke

Petra frequently advises and represents a wide range of listed and unlisted companies, and investors in complex corporate litigation matters before the national courts, including the conclusion of settlement agreements. She has considerable experience in shareholder compensation appraisal proceedings as well as disputes involving stock corporations and limited-liability companies. In addition, she advises corporate clients on structuring measures and critical shareholders' meetings (e.g. squeeze-outs and enterprise agreements).

Thomas Meurer

Thomas has developed a broad practice in challenging M&A transactions such as national, multi-national and cross-border deals. He also advises his clients on corporate matters.

Christian Möller

Christian advises German and international corporate and financial investors on M&A, as well as on complex joint venture projects. Being located in Düsseldorf and Shanghai, a particular focus of his work is advising Asian, in particular Chinese investors on investments in Germany.

Thomas Müller

Thomas advises a wide range of international and domestic investors, and corporates on M&A transactions and joint ventures, with a strong emphasis on real estate transactions. He has been instrumental in developing the firm's real estate practice and has been involved in a number of varied, high-profile transactions in recent years, including, in particular, advising large international real estate funds on all aspects of real estate and corporate law. His experience spans portfolio transactions and large single asset transactions in all asset classes.

Hans-Jörg Niemeyer

Hans-Jörg has worked as a lawyer in Brussels for over 20 years. He has a broad competition practice, which includes advising on European merger control, antitrust and state aid law. He represents European and other international companies in proceedings before the European Commission and the European Court of Justice.

Alexander Nolte

Alexander advises German and international clients on M&A transactions, co-investments, joint ventures and restructurings. He has considerable experience in working for private equity investors and their portfolio companies in acquisition, restructuring and exit transactions.

Martin Peters

Martin advises banks and other financial institutions on capital markets and regulatory law, and on debt capital markets transactions. His work also includes advice about exchanges and trade organizations on regulatory and insolvency law matters.

Alexander G Rang

Alexander has a broad capital markets practice (ECM/DCM) advising issuers and banks, covering IPOs, capital raises, private placements, block trades as well as equity linked instruments and hybrid bonds. Alexander also advises financial institutions on regulatory matters, predominantly in capital market transactions that are driven by specific regulatory considerations.

Stefan Richter

Stefan has a general corporate practice with a particular focus on continuous and project related advice on corporate and capital markets law to listed companies. This includes management and supervisory board related issues, preparation of shareholders' meetings, capital and other structural measures, securities and stock exchange law, as well as matters relating to groups or restructuring measures. In addition, Stefan's practice focuses on M&A transactions, especially for listed companies, including the corporate and capital markets aspects of such transactions, as well as for private equity clients. Apart from that, Stefan advises non-listed, often family run companies on various corporate law matters.

Oliver Rieckers

Oliver advises a wide range of clients on all aspects of corporate law, with a focus on restructurings, joint ventures and public takeovers. He also has broad experience in advising clients on corporate governance and in corporate litigation cases.

Manuela Roeding

Manuela represents companies in complex litigation before German courts as well as in settlement proceedings. Her principal areas of practice are corporate litigation, such as actions for annulment and rescission of shareholders' resolutions, special proceedings to obtain a judgment that a shareholder's action does not prevent registration of a shareholder's resolution with the commercial register, appraisal proceedings as well as other cases involving capital market transactions.

Markus Röhrig

Markus advises clients on European and German competition law. He defends companies in cartel cases, which may entail very substantial fines that can sometimes pose a threat to a company's financial viability. Recently, Markus was involved in several of the European Commission’s automotive parts and capacitor cases. Markus has substantial expertise with respect to leniency applications and settlement negotiations, both at a European and German level, and litigation before the European courts in Luxemburg. Markus frequently advises clients in merger control cases before the European Commission and the Federal Cartel Office, and coordinates merger control approval processes for them world-wide. Recent high-profile work includes the European Commission Phase II investigations of Knorr-Bremse’s proposed acquisition of Haldex and E.ON’s takeover of innogy. Over the years, Markus has assembled broad expertise in the insurance and insurtec sectors. He is a trusted competition law and merger control advisor to many insurance companies. Recently, he acted for Generali (sale of the life insurance business to Viridium) and for AXA (restructuring of ROLAND).

Joachim Rosengarten

Joachim has been advising on M&A and corporate matters for more than 20 years. He works for international and domestic industry clients, ranging from family companies to stock listed corporations. Joachim has a broad experience in public takeovers and defense situations. In the area of private M&A, Joachim advises on acquisitions and joint ventures, and he works on the buy-side as well as on the sell-side (including auction proceedings).

Viola Sailer-Coceani

Viola advises a wide range of companies in all fields of corporate law, with a particular emphasis on stock corporation law, the law of limited liability companies, corporate restructurings and joint ventures. She also specialises in internal investigations and compliance matters, including both the establishment and assessment of compliance organisations and the handling of compliance-related incidents. In addition, Viola represents corporate clients in corporate and commercial litigation, in arbitration mandates and in amicable settlements. In recent years, Viola has frequently advised companies and board members on manager liability cases.

Gerd Sassenrath

Gerd advises enterprises and entrepreneurs in corporate and capital market matters, including advice in takeovers, critical shareholders' meetings, public and private M&A transactions and restructurings.

Carsten A Schapmann

Carsten's clients are German and international companies seeking legal advice on all aspects of company law, but mostly in the areas of stock corporation and group company law, company reorganization and corporate governance. Carsten specializes in complex corporate transactions such as mergers, spin-offs, transformations and all types of business combinations, including takeovers of stock listed companies. Carsten has gained much expertise in the area of spin-offs of listed companies and post takeover integration.

Matthias Scheifele

Matthias advises on all tax aspects of mergers and acquisitions, corporate reorganizations as well as financing transactions. He also has extensive experience in advising on the restructuring of distressed companies. Another focus of his practice is tax compliance, tax disputes and litigation. He acts for a broad range of corporate clients across business sectors and private equity houses.

Maximilian Schiessl

Public takeovers, cross-border M&A, corporate, private equity.

Andrea Schlaffge

Andrea advises clients in all fields of intellectual property law, with particular focus on trademark and design, unfair competition and employee inventor law. Besides representing companies in court proceedings, she advises clients during complex M&A transactions and on their international trademark strategy, including the licensing of IP rights. Andrea advises a wide range of clients from various industries, including fashion and luxury goods, travel, transportation and logistics, automotive, as well as food and beverages.

Christian Schmies

Christian advises companies comprehensively on matters relating to investment and banking regulatory law, payment services and securities regulation. His investment law mandates include licensing proceedings, outsourcing transactions in the asset management sector, the structuring and marketing of investment products as well as regulatory advice on M&A and other transactions in the asset management industry.

Sven Henrik Schneider

Sven H. Schneider advises not only banks but also unregulated enterprises and their corporate bodies worldwide on all relevant legal risk areas involved in the structuring, introduction or review of group-wide compliance governance programs, and compliance due diligence projects. He also provides comprehensive advice on internal investigations as well as investigations conducted by German and foreign, primarily Anglo-American, criminal prosecution and regulatory authorities into potential compliance violations. He also advises banks on corporate and regulatory law issues at all stages of operation, from the very beginning and even at the end, in connection with their formation and licensing, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions as well as on issues arising in crisis situations (restructurings, insolvencies and liquidations). He has extensive experience and expertise in dealing with the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) and the European Central Bank (ECB). Sven is ranked as top ten leading practitioner for banking regulatory by JUVE. Sven is steering committee member or panel member on various international conferences on internal investigations, including Cambridge Forums in the US and the UK as well as the International Bar Association (IBA). Sven has published over one hundred essays, book contributions and commentaries on judgments in the area of corporate and capital market law.

Kai-Steffen Scholz

Kai advises a wide range of listed and unlisted corporate clients, family-owned enterprises and investors. His practice covers corporate and securities laws matters. Kai has been involved in capital measures such as capital cuts, rights issues and scrip dividends. He frequently works on corporate restructurings (e.g., mergers, hive-downs, spin-offs), mandatory share acquisitions (squeeze outs), and also on the foundation and the transfer of European stock corporations (SE). He advises clients on corporate governance matters and board affairs, including liability issues. In addition, he regularly acts on private and public M&A transactions.

Christian Schwandtner

Christian advises private equity investors and corporate clients in M&A and complex domestic and cross-border carve-out transactions as well as joint ventures and co-investments. He is also very active in the structuring and implementation of management equity programs and remuneration plans.

Fabian Seip

Fabian regularly represents and advises companies in the media, technology and communications industries on agreements, transactions and in important litigation before courts and regulatory authorities. He represents telecommunication, content and IT companies, including internet platform providers, network operators and service providers in negotiations on content, IT and technology related agreements, transactions, TMT related litigation and in regulatory proceedings. He frequently provides advice on the design and market entry of new business models in this context, including on matters of telecommunication regulation, copyright and data protection.

Georg Seyfarth

Georg has a broad corporate and M&A practice with a focus on boardroom matters of publicly listed companies. In recent years he has put particular emphasis on advising board members about their duties in various special situations. Georg advises his clients with regard to publicly known M&A transactions, but clients also frequently seek his advice on highly confidential and sensitive background matters (employment issues of board members, compliance issues, liability questions). Georg also helps clients in litigation and arbitration. He has returned to full practice and client work after serving as Co-Managing Partner of Hengeler Mueller until 2018. Due to his prior managerial task, Georg is extremely well connected internationally.

Wolfgang Spoerr

Wolfgang is a senior member of the firm's public law regulatory and white collar group and has broad experience in the multi-faceted institutional setup of government involvement with business in Germany. He advises and represents corporate clients in matters determined by regulation, often teaming up with corporate, antitrust and litigation experts. His experience includes compliance and criminal investigations, litigation before civil and public law courts, complex contract negotiations, legislative processes and transactions.

Christoph Stadler

Christoph advises in all areas of European and German competition law, on cartel damages litigation and internal investigations. He has 20+ years of experience in German, European and foreign merger control cases.

Emanuel P Strehle

Emanuel advises companies and investors on public and private M&A, including related corporate and capital market matters, with a focus on private equity/venture capital and cross-border transactions. In addition, his practice covers family business matters and succession planning.

Johannes Tieves

Johannes advises listed and unlisted domestic and international companies, banks and funds on syndicated loans, high yield bonds, hybrid financings and restructurings / insolvency related matters. His practice also includes financing matters in connection with M&A transactions, public takeovers and IPOs.

Dirk Uwer

Dirk has a broad public law practice with a particular focus on regulated industries, including: energy regulation and climate change; M&A transactions and restructurings in the energy sector; infrastructure projects; health care/life sciences (pharmaceuticals and medical devices regulation, regulatory data protection, reimbursements, statutory health insurance); compliance; data privacy and white collar.

Carsten van de Sande

Carsten is a partner and a member of the firm's Dispute Resolution Practice Group. He represents German and foreign companies in German courts, as well as in international arbitration proceedings and investigations by government authorities. The focus of Carsten's practice is on post-M&A disputes, product liability and disputes involving financial institutions. He also acts as an arbitrator.

Jochen Vetter

Jochen advises listed and family-owned companies on corporate law, securities laws, reorganizations, corporate disputes, compliance matters and M&A transactions.

Nikolaus Vieten

Nikolaus advises listed and private domestic and foreign companies, private equity funds and banks across the full range of (syndicated) lending with a particular emphasis on acquisition and takeover financings, and M&A related financing matters. He also advises sellers and purchasers on non-performing and performing loan portfolio transactions.

Edgar Wallach

Edgar advises banks, fund sponsors and investment companies in asset management and capital markets matters. His practice is focused on the structuring and launch of investment products as well as regulatory aspects of investment and financial supervisory laws.

Daniel Weiß

Daniel’s broad practice covers financing, internal investigations and compliance, as well as special situations and restructuring advice. He advises banks as well as borrowers on a wide spectrum of financial products. Moreover, Daniel is regularly involved in high-profile internal investigations both in the industrial as well as the financial sector. His practice also includes the restructuring of loans and other financial instruments in domestic and international transactions as well as insolvency matters.

Christian Wentrup

As part of our corporate practice, Christian Wentrup works in corporate law, restructurings and M&A transactions. A particular focus of his work is advising on endowments and foundations, family-owned enterprises and entrepreneurial families to whom he also provides comprehensive advice on succession and estate issues, the winding up of estates, and shareholder disputes.

Jens Wenzel

Jens advises corporate clients across a wide range of industry sectors, as well as financial investors on both corporate and financing aspects of joint ventures, M&A transactions and Venture Capital investments.

Peter Weyland

Peter advises enterprises and private equity funds in M&A projects and in corporate law.

Daniel Wiegand

Daniel advises German and international corporate and private equity clients on M&A transactions, joint ventures and corporate law. He has a long track record of assisting strategic and financial investors in national and cross border acquisitions and divestments (including auction processes). His practice is focused on cross border Private M&A and private equity transactions (including Secondary Buyouts), and related matters.

Daniel Wilm

Daniel is an expert in the insurance sector. His practice is focused on corporate and insurance regulatory advice to insurance undertakings and groups comprising group reorganizations as well as advice in connection with the acquisition or sale of insurance undertakings.

Bernd Wirbel

Bernd advises on public and private takeovers, private equity transactions, and corporate law. His transactional practice encompasses both domestic and cross-border mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures.

Hans-Jörg Ziegenhain

Hans-Jörg Ziegenhain has specialized in advising listed companies, family businesses and private equity clients on corporate and M&A matters. Since 2007, Hans-Jörg has held a teaching position for "Mergers and Acquisitions" at the Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, and in 2014, he was awarded an honorary professorship by the LMU.

Daniel J Zimmer

Daniel advises national and international companies on all areas of competition and energy law. In energy matters, he supports investors and energy supply companies in M&A transactions, advises on regulatory issues and regularly represents clients before the regulatory authorities and courts. In competition matters, Daniel mainly focusses on the representation of companies in cartel cases, follow-on damage claims including their extrajudicial resolution as well as antitrust compliance issues.